Financial Markets Observatory Lab

State of long term chart of Inflation measure according to 10y US Gov. Bond Yield.
►By..0000-0001-5086-7401 & lnkd.in/erZ48tm



Main Repository .. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh..._for_its_study

◉

The journey from the BANCOR to SDR to BitGold .. to Satoshi Project (via US GOV. Agencies)?? 06. Was everything ready yet??
►By..0000-0001-5086-7401 & lnkd.in/erZ48tm



The Fanta-Political SciFi .. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352707033

--2009--A combinatorial analysis of recent attacks on step reduced 𒆜𒀽SHA-2 family.
Cryptography and Communications , 19 March 2009, Vol.1 (2009).
DOI:10.1007/s12095-009-0011-5.
Abstract.
We perform a combinatorial analysis of the SHA-2 compression function. This analysis explains in a unified way the recent attacks against reduced round SHA-2. We start with a general class of local collisions and show that the previously used local collision by Nikolić and Biryukov (NB) and Sanadhya and Sarkar (SS) are special cases.
The study also clarifies several advantages of the SS local collision over the NB local collision. Deterministic constructions of up to 22-round SHA-2 collisions are described using the SS local collision and up to 21-round SHA-2 collisions are described using the NB local collision. For 23 and 24-round SHA-2, we describe a general strategy and then apply the SS local collision to this strategy.
The resulting attacks are faster than those proposed by Indesteege et al using the NB local collision.
We provide colliding message pairs for 22, 23 and 24-round SHA-2.
***Although these attacks improve upon the existing reduced round SHA-256 attacks, they do not threaten the security of the full SHA-2 family.
https://link.springer.com/article/10...095-009-0011-5
.
.
𒆜𒀽SHA-2 (Secure Hash Algorithm 2) is a set of cryptographic hash functions designed by the United States National Security Agency (NSA) and first published in 2001. They are built using the Merkle–Damgård construction, from a one-way compression function itself built using the Davies–Meyer structure from a specialized block cipher.
... SHA-2 was first published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as a U.S. federal standard. The SHA-2 family of algorithms are patented in the U.S. The United States has released the patent under a royalty-free license.
...The algorithms were first published in 2001 in the draft FIPS PUB 180-2, at which time public review and comments were accepted. In August 2002, FIPS PUB 180-2 became the new Secure Hash Standard, replacing FIPS PUB 180-1, which was released in April 1995. The updated standard included the original SHA-1 algorithm, with updated technical notation consistent with that describing the inner workings of the SHA-2 family.
In February 2004, a change notice was published for FIPS PUB 180-2, specifying an additional variant, SHA-224, defined to match the key length of two-key Triple DES. In October 2008, the standard was updated in FIPS PUB 180-3, including SHA-224 from the change notice, but otherwise making no fundamental changes to the standard. The primary motivation for updating the standard was relocating security information about the hash algorithms and recommendations for their use to Special Publications 800-107 and 800-57. Detailed test data and example message digests were also removed from the standard, and provided as separate documents.
...Several cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin, use SHA-256 for verifying transactions and calculating proof of work[20] or proof of stake. The rise of ASIC SHA-2 accelerator chips has led to the use of scrypt-based proof-of-work schemes.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-2



SEE previous parts ..


PART / 01 .. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download

PART / 02 .. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download

PART / 03 .. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download

PART / 04 .. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download

PART / 05 .. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download


◉

US President Election 2024
Trump vs. Harris: List of Polls.


►By..0000-0001-5086-7401 & lnkd.in/erZ48tm



◉

MPOX: new WHO global emergency.


ALL data (for students) ..IN.. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346931099


◉

MPOX: new WHO global emergency. II.


ALL data (for students) ..IN.. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346931099

The journey from the BANCOR to SDR to BitGold .. to Satoshi Project (via US GOV. Agencies)?? 07. The Architect of team??

►By..0000-0001-5086-7401 & lnkd.in/erZ48tm


PART / 01 .. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Why_BitCoin_was_born_searching_for_socio-financial_causes/66ae4bb66bd556f7f9032d1a/citation/download

PART / 02 .. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Why_BitCoin_was_born_searching_for_socio-financial_causes/66b0fe62f375aae3a703ba02/citation/download

PART / 03 .. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Why_BitCoin_was_born_searching_for_socio-financial_causes/66b3a7a0205557bfb7068a36/citation/download

PART / 04 .. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Why_BitCoin_was_born_searching_for_socio-financial_causes/66b4c37c6b1ef784c207e3de/citation/download

PART / 05 .. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Why_BitCoin_was_born_searching_for_socio-financial_causes/66b62944d7c08c1da10a9e37/citation/download

PART / 06 .. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download

PART / 07 .. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download



-----Bit Gold. Nick Szabo. December 29, 2005.
A long time ago I hit upon the idea of bit gold. The problem, in a nutshell, is that our money currently depends on trust in a third party for its value. As many inflationary and hyperinflationary episodes during the 20th century demonstrated, this is not an ideal state of affairs. Similarly, private bank note issue, while it had various advantages as well as disadvantages, similarly depended on a trusted third party.
Precious metals and collectibles have an unforgeable scarcity due to the costliness of their creation. This once provided money the value of which was largely independent of any trusted third party. Precious metals have problems, however. It’s too costly to assay metals repeatedly for common transactions. Thus a trusted third party (usually associated with a tax collector who accepted the coins as payment) was invoked to stamp a standard amount of the metal into a coin. Transporting large values of metal can be a rather insecure affair, as the British found when transporting gold across a U-boat infested Atlantic to Canada during World War I to support their gold standard. What’s worse, you can’t pay online with metal.
Thus, it would be very nice if there were a protocol whereby unforgeably costly bits could be created online with minimal dependence on trusted third parties, and then securely stored, transferred, and assayed with similar minimal trust. Bit gold.
My proposal for bit gold is based on computing a string of bits from a string of challenge bits, using functions called variously “client puzzle function,” “proof of work function,” or “secure benchmark function.” The resulting string of bits is the proof of work. Where a one-way function is prohibitively difficult to compute backwards, a secure benchmark function ideally comes with a specific cost, measured in compute cycles, to compute backwards.
Here are the main steps of the bit gold system that I envision:
A public string of bits, the “challenge string,” is created (see step 5).
Alice on her computer generates the proof of work string from the challenge bits using a benchmark function.
The proof of work is securely timestamped. This should work in a distributed fashion, with several different timestamp services so that no particular timestamp service need be substantially relied on.
Alice adds the challenge string and the timestamped proof of work string to a distributed property title registry for bit gold. Here, too, no single server is substantially relied on to properly operate the registry.
The last-created string of bit gold provides the challenge bits for the next-created string.
To verify that Alice is the owner of a particular string of bit gold, Bob checks the unforgeable chain of title in the bit gold title registry.
To assay the value of a string of bit gold, Bob checks and verifies the challenge bits, the proof of work string, and the timestamp.
Note that Alice’s control over her bit gold does not depend on her sole possession of the bits, but rather on her lead position in the unforgeable chain of title (chain of digital signatures) in the title registry.
All of this can be automated by software. The main limits to the security of the scheme are how well trust can be distributed in steps (3) and (4), and the problem of machine architecture which will be discussed below.
Hal Finney has implemented a variant of bit gold called RPOW (Reusable Proofs of Work). This relies on publishing the computer code for the “mint,” which runs on a remote tamper-evident computer. The purchaser of of bit gold can then use remote attestation, which Finney calls the transparent server technique, to verify that a particular number of cycles were actually performed.
The main problem with all these schemes is that proof of work schemes depend on computer architecture, not just an abstract mathematics based on an abstract “compute cycle.” (I wrote about this obscurely several years ago.) Thus, it might be possible to be a very low cost producer (by several orders of magnitude) and swamp the market with bit gold. However, since bit gold is timestamped, the time created as well as the mathematical difficulty of the work can be automatically proven. From this, it can usually be inferred what the cost of producing during that time period was.
Unlike fungible atoms of gold, but as with collector’s items, a large supply during a given time period will drive down the value of those particular items. In this respect “bit gold” acts more like collector’s items than like gold. However, the match between this ex post market and the auction determining the initial value might create a very substantial profit for the “bit gold miner” who invents and deploys an optimized computer architecture.
Thus, bit gold will not be fungible based on a simple function of, for example, the length of the string. Instead, to create fungible units dealers will have to combine different-valued pieces of bit gold into larger units of approximately equal value. This is analogous to what many commodity dealers do today to make commodity markets possible. Trust is still distributed because the estimated values of such bundles can be independently verified by many other parties in a largely or entirely automated fashion.
In summary, all money mankind has ever used has been insecure in one way or another. This insecurity has been manifested in a wide variety of ways, from counterfeiting to theft, but the most pernicious of which has probably been inflation. Bit gold may provide us with a money of unprecedented security from these dangers. The potential for initially hidden supply gluts due to hidden innovations in machine architecture is a potential flaw in bit gold, or at least an imperfection which the initial auctions and ex post exchanges of bit gold will have to address.
SOURCE: https://nakamotoinstitute.org/library/bit-gold/
SOURCE: https://unenumerated.blogspot.com/2005/12/bit-gold.html

-----BitGold cited as reference in this document** but not in white paper.
** https://bitcoin.org/en/posts/ten-year-anniversary

-----Satoshi Nakamoto seemed to deliberately avoid mentioning Bitgold or Szabo, which is incredibly strange given the similarities.
Satoshi admit in July of 2010: “Bitcoin is an implementation of Wei Dai’s b-money proposal and Nick Szabo’s Bitgold.”
In the original white paper sources, Wei Dai’s b-money is there but Nick Szabo’s Bitgold is not. Bit gold is a precursor to Bitcoin but Satoshi does not cite it!!
SOURCE: https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fi...Uik7JIhtw.jpeg
SOURCE: https://medium.com/@moneycessity/the...n-2993da234062

◉

The journey from the BANCOR to SDR to BitGold .. to Satoshi Project (via US GOV. Agencies)?? 09. Is it a concentrated (but decentralized) weapon??

The Fanta-Political SciFi .. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352707033

Bitcoin shows several characteristics of an unconventional financial weapon.
In detriment of the initial project entirely based on decentralization, today Bitcoin appears strongly concentrated (in alternative mode) in very few realities (see specifics listed below with sources):
--the addresses attributable to the mysterious Satoshi Nakamoto;
--the new BTC-based financial industry, both spot ETFs and futures (see Coinbase & futures cases);
--US Government.
It is plausible that this concentration could further consolidate and further increase in value (think to BTC price 100-150k), as well as becoming an increasingly globally used asset.
Bitcoin could be used as a ""subprime asset"" timer-bomb toward a new monetary deal??

-----Satoshi Nakamoto (~1.1 million BTC) It's unsurprising that the pseudonymous creator of Bitcoin, Satoshi Nakamoto, remains the largest holder of the cryptocurrency. It's estimated they hold an astonishing fortune of around 1.1 million BTC. This impressive accumulation of wealth stemmed from Satoshi Nakamoto's mining activities during Bitcoin's early days. Some report that Nakamoto mined as many as 54,316 Bitcoin blocks, receiving a block reward of 50 BTC for each block prior to the first halving event. What's interesting is that the thousands of bitcoin Nakamoto earned from block rewards have never been spent. Instead, these coins lie dormant spread across approximately 22,000 different wallet addresses. If any of these coins moved, it could cause significant fluctuations in bitcoin's value and send shockwaves throughout the wider cryptocurrency industry.
SOURCE: https://www.kraken.com/it-it/learn/w...e-most-bitcoin

-----US governative agencies now have about 200,000 BTC in its wallets.
SOURCE: https://cointelegraph.com/news/break...10-000-bitcoin

-----The US ETF financial industry now manage about 500,000BTC.
SOURCE: https://blockworks.co/news/bitcoin-etfs-btc-supply
SOURCE: https://www.statista.com/statistics/...tfs-worldwide/

-----Most spot Bitcoin ETFs rely on a third-party custodian to actually store the Bitcoin they hold — much like how spot gold ETFs often keep their physical gold holdings in the vault of a third-party custodian. Eight out of the 10 currently trading spot Bitcoin ETFs use Coinbase (COIN) as their Bitcoin custodian. The only exceptions are the Fidelity Wise Origin Bitcoin Fund (FBTC), which uses Fidelity itself as a custodian, and the VanEck Bitcoin Trust (HODL), which uses Gemini. Coinbase's dominance in Bitcoin ETF custodianship has created concerns about custodianship risk. If Coinbase ran into severe financial trouble in the future — for example, due to a cyberattack, a government penalty, or a decline in its revenue — would the holdings of Bitcoin ETFs be safe? There are mechanisms by which ETFs — and investors themselves — could recover their holdings in the event of a Coinbase bankruptcy, but they wouldn't necessarily be instant or automatic. So custodianship risk may be something to consider while shopping for a spot Bitcoin ETF.
SOURCE: https://www.nerdwallet.com/article/i...ot-bitcoin-etf
SOURCE: https://blockworks.co/bitcoin-etf

◉
◉

PREVIOUS PART
PART / 01 .. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download
PART / 02 .. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download
PART / 03 .. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download
PART / 04 .. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download
PART / 05 .. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download
PART / 06 .. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download
PART / 07 .. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download
PART / 08 .. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download
PART / 09 .. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download

◉
◉

The journey from the BANCOR to SDR to BitGold .. to Satoshi Project (via US GOV. Agencies)?? Part / 11. Timer-clock function. NSA. Libra DIEM NOVI (Facebook). Snowden.
◉
◉
In this post there are some key elements about this incredible journey of Bitcoin start.
-- 1 -- Is Bitcoin (also) a timer-clock??
-- 2 -- NSA shows evidence of BTC birth??
-- 3 -- What happened to Libra, DIEM, NOVI (Facebook crypto-coin project)??
-- 4 -- Did Snowden have a role??
◉
◉
-- 1 -- Is Bitcoin (also) a timer-clock??
In the Bitcoin crypto-design of Satoshi Nakamoto (2009) there is a time-measuring element required to add rhythm at its blockchain (chronological order of transactions based on computational proof).
Bitcoin shows clock features hiding in plain sight, a distributed & decentralised timestamp server .
All these features does not require a company or a physical medium as proof.
Bitcoin timekeeping requires..
..causality (the cryptographic hash functions and digital signatures),
..unpredictability (proof-of-work among peers),
..coordination (difficulty adjustment).
Bitcoin units shows features like stored time, because they are money ..
Bitcoin blockchain shows features like time, because it run as a decentralized clock.
SOURCES: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321622236
SOURCES: https://www.swanbitcoin.com/culture/bitcoin-is-time/
◉
◉
-- 2 -- NSA shows evidence of BTC birth??
NSA Formation.-- The origins of the National Security Agency can be traced back to April 28, 1917, three weeks after the U.S. Congress declared war on Germany in World War I. A code and cipher decryption unit was established as the Cable and Telegraph Section, which was also known as the Cipher Bureau. It was headquartered in Washington, D.C., and was part of the war effort under the executive branch without direct Congressional authorization. During the course of the war, it was relocated in the army's organizational chart several times. On July 5, 1917, Herbert O. Yardley was assigned to head the unit. At that point, the unit consisted of Yardley and two civilian clerks. It absorbed the Navy's cryptanalysis functions in July 1918. World War I ended on November 11, 1918, and the army cryptographic section of Military Intelligence (MI-8) moved to New York City on May 20, 1919, where it continued intelligence activities as the Code Compilation Company under the direction of Yardley.
But 3 weeks before the April 28, 1917 (NSA formation) shows interesting convergences with some key date:
April 2 (1917) – WWI: U.S. President Woodrow Wilson asks the United States Congress for a declaration of war on Germany.
April 4 (1975) – Microsoft foundation (by Bill Gates & Paul Allen).
April 5 (1975) – Nakamoto Born.
April 5 (1933) – United States Federal government issued Executive Order 6102{27B} making citizen’s private ownership of gold illegal.
April 6 (1917) – WWI: The United States declares war on Germany.
SOURCES:
https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Agency
https://cointelegraph.com/magazine/b...reate-bitcoin/
◉
◉
-- 3 -- What happened to Libra, DIEM, NOVI (Facebook crypto-coin project)??
The sequential multi-project Libra, DIEM, NOVI, has been stopped several times (definitively?) by US financial, monetary, market regulatory agencies, for numerous elements of friction and antithesis with US financial security.
Bitcoin on the other hand has not only always been allowed but even today it has been definitively made official with..
the listing of Coinbase,
the business of Microstrategy,
the sale of BTC seized by US agencies,
the launch of BTC-based futures and BTC-based spot-ETFs.
Perhaps because the invisible and deep roots of BTC are governmental while those of Libra, DIEM, NOVI are corporate??
SOURCES: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333967537
◉
◉
-- 4 -- Did Snowden have a role??
It is not possible to know, but certainly this fascinating researcher in PC and computer science, must be considered at least as Assange during the period described in .. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352707033 .. in the specific case of Snowden extends from (also in Europe) 2005 to 2011 (see WIKI).
The most interesting part reported in its WIKI-biography is the following..
"""In 2011, he returned to Maryland, where he spent a year as system administrator and pre-sales technical engineer on Dell's CIA account. In that capacity, he was consulted by the chiefs of the CIA's technical branches, including the agency's chief information officer and its chief technology officer. U.S. officials and other sources familiar with the investigation said Snowden began downloading documents describing the government's electronic spying programs while working for Dell in April 2012. Investigators estimated that of the 50,000 to 200,000 documents Snowden gave to Greenwald and Poitras, most were copied by Snowden while working at Dell."""
This phase seems to coincide with Satoshi Nakamoto's greeting email {..I've moved on to other things..}.
SOURCES: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden
SOURCES: https://cointelegraph.com/news/satos...after-13-years
◉
◉
-----PREVIOUS PARTS-----
The Fanta-Political SciFi .. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352707033
PART / 01 .. GOV. papers pre-Bitcoin.
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download
PART / 02 .. GOV. papers pre-Bitcoin.
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download
PART / 03 .. GOV. papers pre-Bitcoin.
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download
PART / 04 .. GOV. papers pre-Bitcoin.
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download
PART / 05 .. The incredible US paper a little bit before Bitcoin White Paper!!
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download
PART / 06 .. Was everything ready yet??
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download
PART / 07 .. The Architect of team??
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download
PART / 08 .. The Bitcoin•org domain registration and the role of Malmi in the project (the co-Architect??)
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download
PART / 09 .. Is it a concentrated (but decentralized) weapon??
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download
PART / 10 .. Spot Bitcoin ETF (US) industry in perfect match with the historical post """RUNNG BITCOIN"""??
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download
◉
◉

US President Election 2024 (DEM vs. Republican) Trump vs. Harris: List of Polls, aggregate consensus charts, spread.


►By..0000-0001-5086-7401 & lnkd.in/erZ48tm


FULL TEXT >> https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download

◉

Russia and the new step toward electronic (integrated) currencies.


Russia*** increasingly projected towards a market of electronic currencies to replace those circulating on SWIFT .. as studied ..IN.. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359048411


***SOURCES***
https://www.reuters.com/technology/r...24-2024-07-30/
https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/business...nts-exchanges/
https://news.bitcoin.com/russia-set-...als-next-week/


◉

Inside bar on Italy equity benchmark: a comparative view with Graphical Contest & M10 rules.

►By..0000-0001-5086-7401 & lnkd.in/erZ48tm






COMPLETE TEXT & DATA
>> https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh..._for_its_study
>> https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368823157


◉

Bitcoin long term chart structure (Graphical Contest & M10).



The two consequential scenarios outlined on BTC/USD BitStamp are both still active and activated:

---Cup&Handle..
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download

---Inside (bearish) May-June..
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download


◉

US President Election 2024 (DEM vs. Republican) Trump vs. Harris: a short-term view of polls aggregate consensus chart.


►By..0000-0001-5086-7401 & lnkd.in/erZ48tm


FULL TEXT >> https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...for_its_study/

◉

US President Election 2024 (DEM vs. Republican) Trump vs. Harris: some notes about the TV debate.


►By..0000-0001-5086-7401 & lnkd.in/erZ48tm


FULL TEXT >> https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...for_its_study/

◉

A journey inside the cryptic inventor of Bitcoin.



Satoshi project ..
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352707033

The journey from the BANCOR to SDR to BitGold .. to Satoshi Project (via US GOV. Agencies)?? ..
https://www.academia.edu/123115574/


◉

QQQ ETF state of the chart.

►By..0000-0001-5086-7401 & lnkd.in/erZ48tm





◉

US President Election 2024 (DEM vs Republican) Trump vs. Harris: some notes aggregate poll curve and Uncertainty Indexes.


►By..0000-0001-5086-7401 & lnkd.in/erZ48tm


FULL TEXT >> https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download


◉

State of long term chart structure of Bitcoin (Graphical Contest & M10 rules; BitStamp benchmark). The role of monthly inside bar May.2024.

►By..0000-0001-5086-7401 & lnkd.in/erZ48tm


UPdate >> https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download



The two consequential scenarios outlined on BTC/USD BitStamp are both still active and activated:

---Cup&Handle.. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download

---Inside (bearish) May-June.. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download


◉

State of long term chart structure of Bitcoin (Graphical Contest & M10 rules).

►By..0000-0001-5086-7401 & lnkd.in/erZ48tm


UPdate >> https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download



The two consequential scenarios outlined on BTC/USD BitStamp are both still active and activated:

---Cup&Handle.. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download

---Inside (bearish) May-June.. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download


◉

US President Election 2024 (DEM vs Republican) Trump vs. Harris: some notes about aggregate poll curve.


►By..0000-0001-5086-7401 & lnkd.in/erZ48tm


FULL TEXT >> https://www.researchgate.net/post/Wh...ation/download


◉