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Interbank Spot Market
The spot market is the one in existence at the moment the spot market maker's quote is supplied. Settlement for the trade done is made within the following two business days. The quote (using the above example of USD/DEM = 1.7500 - 1.7507), as in the case of any bid-offer spread, consists of the prices at which the quoting market maker (the interbank currency dealer) will buy and sell one currency in exchange for the other. The first number in the quote, the bid side (or market maker's purchase price), is the quantity of DEM that the market maker will exchange (sell) for each USD he buys. In other words, the bid price represents the price at which the market maker will 'buy' USD, expressed in DEM and the price at which other market participants can sell USD. Conversely, the second number in the price quotation, the offer (or asking side or market maker's selling price), is the quantity of DEM that the market maker will exchange (buy) for each USD he sells. In other words, the offer price represents the price at which the market maker will sell USD, expressed in DEM, and the price at which other market participants can buy USD.
A market maker's price quote, be it over the phone or on a computer screen will remain unchanged for as long as the dealer feels comfortable with it. Sometimes in a quick market environment this period may only be a few seconds before being changed to a new price quote. The bid-offer quotes stated by market makers are constantly reviewed and updated as those market makers continually reassess their own currency positions and determine whether they wish to be 'better' buyers or sellers of a particular currency that they have the responsibility of quoting. A market maker is considered a "better" buyer of a currency when his bid for that currency is higher than the general market bid rate, and a "better" seller of a currency when his offer is lower than the general market offer rate. The resulting quote reflects the market maker's own attitude toward the market price's current and expected future performance.
The point difference between a bid and an offer is called the price spread and is a measure of the quote's quality. It is also an indication of the depth of the market liquidity for a currency. The narrower the spread, the better the quality and the greater the depth of the market for that currency. A wider spread indicates either greater uncertainty over market conditions or a lack of price liquidity. Wider spreads occur with unexpected news releases or prevail toward the end of market trading hours in a particular geographic area. The spread is analogous to the risk premium for quoting during both normal and volatile market conditions.
Interbank Forward Market
The forward market within the interbank market enables participants to establish at the time of the currency deal, a rate for the exchange of the currencies at some future business value date past the spot date (three business days and beyond). A forward rate is calculated by either adding or subtracting the forward "swap rate" to or from the spot rate for the two currencies being exchanged. Forward swap rates are based on the difference between the Euromarket interest rates for a particular future maturity date of the two currencies involved in the forward transaction. Forward swap rates are typically expressed in points, with one point usually equal to the price unit the currency is traded in (USD/DEM's trade unit is the fourth decimal point - 0.0001). For example, a forward swap rate of 0.0075 would be referred to as 75 points and may represent the interest rate differential between the USD and the DEM for a one-month maturity.
The forward swap points are either added to or subtracted from the spot rate when determining the forward price for the future date desired. To determine whether the forward swap rate is added or subtracted, it is first necessary to decide if one currency is trading at a premium or discount relative to the other in the forward market. This is arrived at by comparing the Euromarket interest rates of the two currencies being exchanged. If the one month Eurorate of one currency (e.g. DEM's Euromark rate) is lower than the Eurorate of the other (e.g. USD's Eurodollar rate) then the USD will be regarded as trading at a discount to the DEM given the European terms quotation method, and the resulting swap points will be subtracted from the USD/DEM spot rate to obtain the forward one month USD/DEM rate. If the one month Euromark rate is higher than the one month Eurodollar rate then the dollar will be trading at a premium and the subsequent swap points will be added to the USD/DEM spot rate to obtain the forward market one month USD/DEM currency dealing rate.
Interbank Spot Market
The spot market is the one in existence at the moment the spot market maker's quote is supplied. Settlement for the trade done is made within the following two business days. The quote (using the above example of USD/DEM = 1.7500 - 1.7507), as in the case of any bid-offer spread, consists of the prices at which the quoting market maker (the interbank currency dealer) will buy and sell one currency in exchange for the other. The first number in the quote, the bid side (or market maker's purchase price), is the quantity of DEM that the market maker will exchange (sell) for each USD he buys. In other words, the bid price represents the price at which the market maker will 'buy' USD, expressed in DEM and the price at which other market participants can sell USD. Conversely, the second number in the price quotation, the offer (or asking side or market maker's selling price), is the quantity of DEM that the market maker will exchange (buy) for each USD he sells. In other words, the offer price represents the price at which the market maker will sell USD, expressed in DEM, and the price at which other market participants can buy USD.
A market maker's price quote, be it over the phone or on a computer screen will remain unchanged for as long as the dealer feels comfortable with it. Sometimes in a quick market environment this period may only be a few seconds before being changed to a new price quote. The bid-offer quotes stated by market makers are constantly reviewed and updated as those market makers continually reassess their own currency positions and determine whether they wish to be 'better' buyers or sellers of a particular currency that they have the responsibility of quoting. A market maker is considered a "better" buyer of a currency when his bid for that currency is higher than the general market bid rate, and a "better" seller of a currency when his offer is lower than the general market offer rate. The resulting quote reflects the market maker's own attitude toward the market price's current and expected future performance.
The point difference between a bid and an offer is called the price spread and is a measure of the quote's quality. It is also an indication of the depth of the market liquidity for a currency. The narrower the spread, the better the quality and the greater the depth of the market for that currency. A wider spread indicates either greater uncertainty over market conditions or a lack of price liquidity. Wider spreads occur with unexpected news releases or prevail toward the end of market trading hours in a particular geographic area. The spread is analogous to the risk premium for quoting during both normal and volatile market conditions.
Interbank Forward Market
The forward market within the interbank market enables participants to establish at the time of the currency deal, a rate for the exchange of the currencies at some future business value date past the spot date (three business days and beyond). A forward rate is calculated by either adding or subtracting the forward "swap rate" to or from the spot rate for the two currencies being exchanged. Forward swap rates are based on the difference between the Euromarket interest rates for a particular future maturity date of the two currencies involved in the forward transaction. Forward swap rates are typically expressed in points, with one point usually equal to the price unit the currency is traded in (USD/DEM's trade unit is the fourth decimal point - 0.0001). For example, a forward swap rate of 0.0075 would be referred to as 75 points and may represent the interest rate differential between the USD and the DEM for a one-month maturity.
The forward swap points are either added to or subtracted from the spot rate when determining the forward price for the future date desired. To determine whether the forward swap rate is added or subtracted, it is first necessary to decide if one currency is trading at a premium or discount relative to the other in the forward market. This is arrived at by comparing the Euromarket interest rates of the two currencies being exchanged. If the one month Eurorate of one currency (e.g. DEM's Euromark rate) is lower than the Eurorate of the other (e.g. USD's Eurodollar rate) then the USD will be regarded as trading at a discount to the DEM given the European terms quotation method, and the resulting swap points will be subtracted from the USD/DEM spot rate to obtain the forward one month USD/DEM rate. If the one month Euromark rate is higher than the one month Eurodollar rate then the dollar will be trading at a premium and the subsequent swap points will be added to the USD/DEM spot rate to obtain the forward market one month USD/DEM currency dealing rate.
don't predict direction, but dance with flow of water