Employment Situation News Release

Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until                       USDL-23-2318
8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, November 3, 2023

Technical information: 
 Household data:     (202) 691-6378  *  cpsinfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/cps
 Establishment data: (202) 691-6555  *  cesinfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/ces

Media contact:	     (202) 691-5902  *  PressOffice@bls.gov


                          THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION -- OCTOBER 2023


Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 150,000 in October, and the unemployment rate
changed little at 3.9 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Job gains
occurred in health care, government, and social assistance. Employment declined in manufacturing
due to strike activity.

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures
labor force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment
survey measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about
the concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.

Household Survey Data

Both the unemployment rate, at 3.9 percent, and the number of unemployed persons, at 6.5 million,
changed little in October. However, since their recent lows in April, these measures are up by
0.5 percentage point and 849,000, respectively. (See table A-1.)

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (3.7 percent), adult women
(3.3 percent), teenagers (13.2 percent), Whites (3.5 percent), Blacks (5.8 percent), Asians (3.1
percent), and Hispanics (4.8 percent) showed little change in October. (See tables A-1, A-2,
and A-3.)

Among the unemployed, the number of permanent job losers increased by 164,000 over the month to
1.6 million. The number of persons on temporary layoff changed little at 873,000. (See table
A-11.)

In October, the number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) was little
changed at 1.3 million. The long-term unemployed accounted for 19.8 percent of all unemployed
persons. (See table A-12.)

Both the labor force participation rate, at 62.7 percent, and the employment-population ratio,
at 60.2 percent, changed little in October. (See table A-1.)

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons, at 4.3 million, changed little
in October. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part
time because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table
A-8.)

In October, the number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job was 5.4
million, little different from the prior month. These individuals were not counted as unemployed
because they were not actively looking for work during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or were
unavailable to take a job. (See table A-1.)

Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of persons marginally attached
to the labor force changed little at 1.4 million in October. These individuals wanted and were
available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked
for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a subset of
the marginally attached who believed that no jobs were available for them, also changed little
over the month at 416,000. (See Summary table A.)

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 150,000 in October, below the average monthly gain
of 258,000 over the prior 12 months. In October, job gains occurred in health care, government,
and social assistance. Employment in manufacturing declined due to strike activity. (See table
B-1.)

Health care added 58,000 jobs in October, in line with the average monthly gain of 53,000 over
the prior 12 months. Over the month, employment continued to trend up in ambulatory health care
services (+32,000), hospitals (+18,000), and nursing and residential care facilities (+8,000).

Employment in government increased by 51,000 in October and has returned to its pre-pandemic
February 2020 level. Monthly job growth in government had averaged 50,000 in the prior 12
months. In October, employment continued to trend up in local government (+38,000). 

Social assistance added 19,000 jobs in October, compared with the average monthly gain of 
23,000 over the prior 12 months. Over the month, employment continued to trend up in individual
and family services (+14,000).

In October, construction employment continued to trend up (+23,000), about in line with the 
average monthly gain of 18,000 over the prior 12 months. Employment continued to trend up over
the month in specialty trade contractors (+14,000) and construction of buildings (+6,000).

Employment in manufacturing decreased by 35,000 in October, reflecting a decline of 33,000 in
motor vehicles and parts that was largely due to strike activity. 

In October, employment in leisure and hospitality changed little (+19,000). The industry had
added an average of 52,000 jobs per month over the prior 12 months. 

Employment in professional and business services was little changed in October (+15,000) and
has shown little net change since May. Employment in temporary help services changed little
over the month (+7,000) but is 229,000 below its peak in March 2022.

In October, employment in transportation and warehousing was little changed (-12,000) and has
shown little net change over the year. Over the month, warehousing and storage lost 11,000
jobs, while air transportation added 4,000 jobs.

Information employment changed little in October (-9,000). Employment in motion picture and
sound recording continued to trend down (-5,000); the industry has lost 44,000 jobs since
May, at least partially reflecting the impact of an ongoing labor dispute.

Over the month, employment showed little change in other major industries, including mining,
quarrying, and oil and gas extraction; wholesale trade; retail trade; financial activities;
and other services.

In October, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by
7 cents, or 0.2 percent, to $34.00. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have
increased by 4.1 percent. In October, average hourly earnings of private-sector production
and nonsupervisory employees rose by 10 cents, or 0.3 percent, to $29.19. (See tables B-3
and B-8.)

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged down by 0.1 hour
to 34.3 hours in October. In manufacturing, the average workweek was little changed at 40.0
hours, and overtime edged down by 0.1 hour to 2.9 hours. The average workweek for production
and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged down by 0.1 hour to 33.7 hours.
(See tables B-2 and B-7.)

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for August was revised down by 62,000, from
+227,000 to +165,000, and the change for September was revised down by 39,000, from +336,000
to +297,000. With these revisions, employment in August and September combined is 101,000
lower than previously reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received
from businesses and government agencies since the last published estimates and from the
recalculation of seasonal factors.)

_____________
The Employment Situation for November is scheduled to be released on Friday,
December 8, 2023, at 8:30 a.m. (ET).

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Category	Oct. 2022	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Change from: Sept. 2023- Oct. 2023
Employment status
Civilian noninstitutional population	264,535	267,213	267,428	267,642	214
Civilian labor force	164,646	167,839	167,929	167,728	-201
Participation rate	62.2	62.8	62.8	62.7	-0.1
Employed	158,593	161,484	161,570	161,222	-348
Employment-population ratio	60.0	60.4	60.4	60.2	-0.2
Unemployed	6,053	6,355	6,360	6,506	146
Unemployment rate	3.7	3.8	3.8	3.9	0.1
Not in labor force	99,890	99,374	99,498	99,914	416
Unemployment rates
Total, 16 years and over	3.7	3.8	3.8	3.9	0.1
Adult men (20 years and over)	3.3	3.7	3.8	3.7	-0.1
Adult women (20 years and over)	3.4	3.2	3.1	3.3	0.2
Teenagers (16 to 19 years)	11.0	12.2	11.6	13.2	1.6
White	3.3	3.4	3.4	3.5	0.1
Black or African American	5.9	5.3	5.7	5.8	0.1
Asian	2.9	3.1	2.8	3.1	0.3
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	4.2	4.9	4.6	4.8	0.2
Total, 25 years and over	3.0	3.0	3.1	3.1	0.0
Less than a high school diploma	6.2	5.4	5.5	5.8	0.3
High school graduates, no college	3.9	3.8	4.1	4.0	-0.1
Some college or associate degree	3.0	3.0	3.0	3.1	0.1
Bachelor's degree and higher	1.9	2.2	2.1	2.1	0.0
Reason for unemployment
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	2,695	2,914	2,858	3,059	201
Job leavers	861	801	797	800	3
Reentrants	1,873	1,930	2,043	1,884	-159
New entrants	494	597	568	612	44
Duration of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks	2,215	2,221	2,051	2,268	217
5 to 14 weeks	1,774	1,877	2,044	1,836	-208
15 to 26 weeks	817	1,002	1,072	1,081	9
27 weeks and over	1,169	1,296	1,216	1,282	66
Employed persons at work part time
Part time for economic reasons	3,664	4,221	4,065	4,283	218
Slack work or business conditions	2,535	2,799	2,793	2,982	189
Could only find part-time work	867	1,021	938	1,002	64
Part time for noneconomic reasons	21,297	21,975	22,152	21,539	-613
Persons not in the labor force
Marginally attached to the labor force	1,493	1,505	1,457	1,417	-40
Discouraged workers	373	386	367	416	49
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category	Oct. 2022	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023(p)	Oct. 2023(p)
EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY (Over-the-month change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm	324	165	297	150
Total private	299	114	246	99
Goods-producing	57	28	28	-11
Mining and logging	3	0	1	1
Construction	17	30	13	23
Manufacturing	37	-2	14	-35
Durable goods(1)	27	0	10	-36
Motor vehicles and parts	3.4	-3.7	8.9	-33.2
Nondurable goods	10	-2	4	1
Private service-providing	242	86	218	110
Wholesale trade	15.8	2.5	16.0	9.4
Retail trade	-5.6	-5.9	13.3	0.7
Transportation and warehousing	19.9	-26.9	12.5	-12.1
Utilities	1.3	2.4	1.5	0.8
Information	3	-22	-4	-9
Financial activities	18	1	2	-2
Professional and business services(1)	36	8	17	15
Temporary help services	10.2	-10.1	-8.9	6.6
Private education and health services(1)	85	105	78	89
Health care and social assistance	74.0	96.1	69.3	77.2
Leisure and hospitality	61	8	74	19
Other services	8	14	8	-1
Government	25	51	51	51
(3-month average change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm	342	169	233	204
Total private	316	115	168	153
WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES(2)
Total nonfarm women employees	49.8	49.8	49.8	49.9
Total private women employees	48.4	48.4	48.4	48.4
Total private production and nonsupervisory employees	81.4	81.4	81.3	81.3
HOURS AND EARNINGS ALL EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours	34.6	34.4	34.4	34.3
Average hourly earnings	$32.66	$33.82	$33.93	$34.00
Average weekly earnings	$1,130.04	$1,163.41	$1,167.19	$1,166.20
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)(3)	114.4	115.4	115.7	115.4
Over-the-month percent change	0.2	0.3	0.3	-0.3
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)(4)	178.7	186.7	187.6	187.6
Over-the-month percent change	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.0
DIFFUSION INDEX (Over 1-month span)(5)
Total private (250 industries)	65.2	60.0	61.4	52.0
Manufacturing (72 industries)	62.5	50.7	47.9	42.4
Footnotes (1) Includes other industries, not shown separately. (2) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. (3) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate hours. (4) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. (5) Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

   The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates
   of employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey
   employment series has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-
   month change than the household survey because of its much larger sample size. An
   over-the-month employment change of about 130,000 is statistically significant in
   the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically significant change
   in the household survey is about 600,000. However, the household survey has a more
   expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed
   workers whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural
   workers, and private household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey.
   The household survey also provides estimates of employment for demographic groups.
   For more information on the differences between the two surveys, please visit
   www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

   It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However,
   neither the establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal
   status of workers. Therefore, it is not possible to determine how many are counted in
   either survey. The establishment survey does not collect data on the legal status of
   workers. The household survey does include questions which identify the foreign and
   native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the foreign
   born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of
   The Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

   The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by
   incorporating additional information that was not available at the time of the
   initial publication of the estimates. The establishment survey revises its initial
   monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 2 months, to incorporate
   additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated seasonal
   adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
   www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.

   On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that
   re-anchors estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment
   insurance tax records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors
   in the estimates. For more information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit
   www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

   Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business
   establishments with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is
   designed to maximize the reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment
   estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and industries are appropriately
   sampled to achieve that goal.

5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

   Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for
   the net employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment
   comes from an econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of
   business births and deaths based on the actual past values of the net impact that
   can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. The
   establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this purpose because
   the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There
   is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the
   sampling frame and availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey
   twice a year.

6. Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment
   insurance benefits?

   No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households.
   All persons who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are
   included among the unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if
   they do not actively seek work.) There is no requirement or question relating to
   unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently
   looking for work?

   Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who
   want a job, including those who are not currently looking because they believe no
   jobs are available (discouraged workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor
   underutilization (some of which include discouraged workers and other groups not
   officially counted as unemployed) are published each month in table A-15 of The
   Employment Situation news release. For more information about these alternative
   measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

   In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes
   the 12th of the month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on
   average weekly hours than on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid
   time during the pay period, including pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off.
   The impact of severe weather on hours estimates typically, but not always, results in
   a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some employees may be off work for
   part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, while some workers,
   such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours.
   
   Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on 
   payroll employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce
   employment estimates, employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay
   period. Employees who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are
   counted in the payroll employment figures. For more information on how often employees
   are paid, please visit www.bls.gov/ces/publications/length-pay-period.htm.

   In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that
   includes the 12th of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-
   related events are counted as employed whether or not they are paid for the time
   off. The household survey collects data on the number of persons who had a job but
   were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure of the number of
   persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 
   Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested
   statistics page, please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.

Technical Note


   This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (CPS; household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (CES; establishment survey). The household survey provides information
on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the "A" tables,
marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households
conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

   The establishment survey provides information on employment, hours, and
earnings of employees on nonfarm payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables,
marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each month from the payroll
records of a sample of nonagricultural business establishments. Each month
the CES program surveys about 122,000 businesses and government agencies,
representing approximately 666,000 individual worksites, in order to provide
detailed industry data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm
payrolls. The active sample includes approximately one-third of all nonfarm
payroll jobs.

   For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or
pay period. In the household survey, the reference period is generally the
calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment
survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or
may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

   Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian 
noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on 
work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample
household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force.

   People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees
during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their
own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm.
People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs
because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal
reasons.

   People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria:
they had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at
that time; and they made specific active efforts to find employment sometime during
the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons laid off from a job and
expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The
unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the
eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

   The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons.
Those persons not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor 
force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the 
labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a 
percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the 
employed as a percent of the population. Additional information about the 
household survey can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

   Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as
from federal, state, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who worked or received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are produced for the private sector for
all employees and for production and nonsupervisory employees. Production
and nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and related employees
in manufacturing and mining and logging, construction workers in construction,
and nonsupervisory employees in private service-providing industries.

   Industries are classified on the basis of an establishment's principal
activity in accordance with the 2022 version of the North American Industry
Classification System. Additional information about the establishment survey
can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

   Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological
differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important
distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are:

   --The household survey includes agricultural workers, self-employed workers
     whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and private
     household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the
     establishment survey.

   --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed.
     The establishment survey does not.

   --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
     The establishment survey is not limited by age.

   --The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because
     individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one
     job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than one
     job and thus appearing on more than one payroll are counted separately
     for each appearance.

Seasonal adjustment

   Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels
of employment and unemployment undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These 
events may result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and the opening
and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large.

   Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year,
their influence on the level of a series can be tempered by adjusting for regular
seasonal variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as
declines in employment or increases in the participation of women in the labor
force, easier to spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number of
youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes
that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the 
level of economic activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment
survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 20 percent at the end
of the spring term and later rises with the start of the fall term, obscuring the
underlying employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal employment changes
at the end and beginning of the school year can be estimated, the statistics can be
adjusted to make underlying employment patterns more discernable.  The seasonally
adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in
month-to-month economic activity.

   Many seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted in both the household
and establishment surveys. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates,
such as total payroll employment, employment in most major sectors, total employment,
and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series.
For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four
major age-sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or 
more detailed age categories. Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and
duration are derived from the sum of the independently seasonally adjusted component
series and will not necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally adjusted
total unemployment level. Additional information about seasonal adjustment in the 
household survey can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

   For both the household and establishment surveys, a concurrent seasonal adjustment
methodology is used in which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using all
relevant data, up to and including the data for the current month. In the household
survey, new seasonal factors are used to adjust only the current month's data. In the
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are used each month to adjust the
three most recent monthly estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to
incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated seasonal adjustment factors.
In both surveys, 5-year revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

   Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both
sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population,
is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true
population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs
because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability
is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent
chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by
no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling
error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

   For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total nonfarm
employment from the establishment survey is on the order of plus or minus 130,000.
Suppose the estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from one month to
the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from
-80,000 to +180,000 (50,000 +/- 130,000). These figures do not mean that the sample
results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent
chance that the true over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this
range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased that month. If, however, the reported
nonfarm employment rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at
least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm employment had, in fact, risen that month.
At an unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent confidence interval
for the monthly change in unemployment as measured by the household survey is
about +/- 300,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is about
+/- 0.2 percentage point.

   In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower
standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based
on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates also is improved when
the data are cumulated over time, such as for quarterly and annual averages.

   The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error,
which can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the
population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample,
inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a
timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or
processing of the data.

   For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months
are based on incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled
preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly
estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is
considered final.

   Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the
inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To
correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an estimation
procedure with two components is used to account for business births. The first
component excludes employment losses from business deaths from sample-based
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains from business births.
This is incorporated into the sample-based estimation procedure by simply not
reflecting sample units going out of business, but imputing to them the same
employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This procedure accounts for
most of the net birth/death employment.

   The second component is an ARIMA time series model designed to estimate the
residual net birth/death employment not accounted for by the imputation. The
historical time series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived from
the unemployment insurance universe micro-level database, and reflects the actual
residual net of births and deaths over the past 5 years.

   The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a
year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from
administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference 
between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts
is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey
error. The new benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of
industries. Over the past decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm
employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from -0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

   If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1
to access telecommunications relay services.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
	Oct. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2022	June 2023	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population	264,535	267,428	267,642	264,535	266,801	267,002	267,213	267,428	267,642
Civilian labor force	164,753	167,718	167,774	164,646	166,951	167,103	167,839	167,929	167,728
Participation rate	62.3	62.7	62.7	62.2	62.6	62.6	62.8	62.8	62.7
Employed	159,144	161,669	161,676	158,593	160,994	161,262	161,484	161,570	161,222
Employment-population ratio	60.2	60.5	60.4	60.0	60.3	60.4	60.4	60.4	60.2
Unemployed	5,609	6,049	6,098	6,053	5,957	5,841	6,355	6,360	6,506
Unemployment rate	3.4	3.6	3.6	3.7	3.6	3.5	3.8	3.8	3.9
Not in labor force	99,782	99,710	99,868	99,890	99,850	99,899	99,374	99,498	99,914
Persons who currently want a job	5,341	5,299	5,037	5,681	5,389	5,247	5,370	5,450	5,373
Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	128,897	130,713	130,816	128,897	130,408	130,507	130,608	130,713	130,816
Civilian labor force	87,685	89,159	88,730	87,772	88,836	88,695	89,082	89,331	88,871
Participation rate	68.0	68.2	67.8	68.1	68.1	68.0	68.2	68.3	67.9
Employed	84,799	85,745	85,384	84,559	85,547	85,492	85,493	85,633	85,217
Employment-population ratio	65.8	65.6	65.3	65.6	65.6	65.5	65.5	65.5	65.1
Unemployed	2,886	3,414	3,345	3,212	3,289	3,203	3,589	3,697	3,654
Unemployment rate	3.3	3.8	3.8	3.7	3.7	3.6	4.0	4.1	4.1
Not in labor force	41,212	41,553	42,087	41,126	41,572	41,811	41,527	41,382	41,945
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	120,225	121,931	122,029	120,225	121,646	121,735	121,832	121,931	122,029
Civilian labor force	84,623	86,086	85,542	84,606	85,774	85,739	85,934	86,130	85,597
Participation rate	70.4	70.6	70.1	70.4	70.5	70.4	70.5	70.6	70.1
Employed	82,093	83,057	82,663	81,776	82,868	82,922	82,777	82,837	82,423
Employment-population ratio	68.3	68.1	67.7	68.0	68.1	68.1	67.9	67.9	67.5
Unemployed	2,530	3,029	2,879	2,829	2,906	2,817	3,157	3,293	3,174
Unemployment rate	3.0	3.5	3.4	3.3	3.4	3.3	3.7	3.8	3.7
Not in labor force	35,601	35,845	36,487	35,619	35,871	35,997	35,898	35,801	36,432
Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	135,638	136,715	136,826	135,638	136,393	136,496	136,605	136,715	136,826
Civilian labor force	77,068	78,559	79,045	76,874	78,115	78,408	78,757	78,599	78,857
Participation rate	56.8	57.5	57.8	56.7	57.3	57.4	57.7	57.5	57.6
Employed	74,345	75,924	76,292	74,033	75,448	75,769	75,991	75,936	76,005
Employment-population ratio	54.8	55.5	55.8	54.6	55.3	55.5	55.6	55.5	55.5
Unemployed	2,723	2,634	2,753	2,841	2,668	2,638	2,766	2,662	2,852
Unemployment rate	3.5	3.4	3.5	3.7	3.4	3.4	3.5	3.4	3.6
Not in labor force	58,570	58,156	57,781	58,764	58,277	58,088	57,847	58,116	57,969
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	127,204	128,237	128,342	127,204	127,932	128,028	128,132	128,237	128,342
Civilian labor force	74,069	75,602	75,888	73,752	74,927	75,205	75,541	75,497	75,584
Participation rate	58.2	59.0	59.1	58.0	58.6	58.7	59.0	58.9	58.9
Employed	71,628	73,292	73,499	71,218	72,567	72,877	73,121	73,163	73,115
Employment-population ratio	56.3	57.2	57.3	56.0	56.7	56.9	57.1	57.1	57.0
Unemployed	2,441	2,310	2,390	2,534	2,360	2,328	2,419	2,334	2,469
Unemployment rate	3.3	3.1	3.1	3.4	3.1	3.1	3.2	3.1	3.3
Not in labor force	53,135	52,635	52,454	53,452	53,005	52,822	52,591	52,740	52,759
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population	17,107	17,260	17,270	17,107	17,223	17,239	17,249	17,260	17,270
Civilian labor force	6,061	6,030	6,344	6,288	6,250	6,159	6,365	6,303	6,547
Participation rate	35.4	34.9	36.7	36.8	36.3	35.7	36.9	36.5	37.9
Employed	5,422	5,321	5,514	5,598	5,559	5,462	5,586	5,570	5,685
Employment-population ratio	31.7	30.8	31.9	32.7	32.3	31.7	32.4	32.3	32.9
Unemployed	638	710	830	690	691	696	779	733	863
Unemployment rate	10.5	11.8	13.1	11.0	11.0	11.3	12.2	11.6	13.2
Not in labor force	11,046	11,230	10,927	10,819	10,973	11,080	10,885	10,957	10,723
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
	Oct. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2022	June 2023	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population	203,522	204,756	204,867	203,522	204,433	204,536	204,645	204,756	204,867
Civilian labor force	126,215	127,706	127,686	126,180	127,306	127,329	127,976	127,829	127,651
Participation rate	62.0	62.4	62.3	62.0	62.3	62.3	62.5	62.4	62.3
Employed	122,490	123,547	123,623	122,063	123,389	123,393	123,571	123,456	123,220
Employment-population ratio	60.2	60.3	60.3	60.0	60.4	60.3	60.4	60.3	60.1
Unemployed	3,725	4,160	4,063	4,117	3,917	3,936	4,405	4,373	4,431
Unemployment rate	3.0	3.3	3.2	3.3	3.1	3.1	3.4	3.4	3.5
Not in labor force	77,308	77,049	77,181	77,342	77,127	77,207	76,669	76,926	77,216
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	66,025	66,622	66,334	66,032	66,543	66,414	66,565	66,643	66,360
Participation rate	70.3	70.3	70.0	70.3	70.3	70.2	70.3	70.3	70.0
Employed	64,276	64,514	64,359	64,026	64,545	64,423	64,324	64,321	64,135
Employment-population ratio	68.4	68.1	67.9	68.2	68.2	68.0	67.9	67.9	67.6
Unemployed	1,749	2,108	1,975	2,006	1,998	1,991	2,241	2,322	2,225
Unemployment rate	2.6	3.2	3.0	3.0	3.0	3.0	3.4	3.5	3.4
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	55,592	56,503	56,501	55,340	55,994	56,188	56,451	56,401	56,255
Participation rate	57.2	58.0	57.9	57.0	57.6	57.7	58.0	57.9	57.7
Employed	54,043	54,912	55,002	53,691	54,536	54,690	54,826	54,810	54,662
Employment-population ratio	55.6	56.3	56.4	55.3	56.1	56.2	56.3	56.2	56.1
Unemployed	1,550	1,592	1,498	1,649	1,458	1,498	1,625	1,591	1,593
Unemployment rate	2.8	2.8	2.7	3.0	2.6	2.7	2.9	2.8	2.8
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	4,597	4,581	4,851	4,807	4,769	4,727	4,960	4,785	5,036
Participation rate	36.8	36.6	38.7	38.5	38.1	37.8	39.6	38.2	40.2
Employed	4,171	4,121	4,262	4,346	4,308	4,281	4,421	4,324	4,423
Employment-population ratio	33.4	32.9	34.0	34.8	34.4	34.2	35.3	34.5	35.3
Unemployed	426	460	589	462	461	447	539	460	613
Unemployment rate	9.3	10.0	12.1	9.6	9.7	9.5	10.9	9.6	12.2
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population	34,237	34,751	34,788	34,237	34,644	34,678	34,714	34,751	34,788
Civilian labor force	21,368	21,808	21,996	21,247	21,695	21,751	21,746	21,868	21,871
Participation rate	62.4	62.8	63.2	62.1	62.6	62.7	62.6	62.9	62.9
Employed	20,124	20,622	20,716	19,988	20,402	20,496	20,596	20,616	20,601
Employment-population ratio	58.8	59.3	59.5	58.4	58.9	59.1	59.3	59.3	59.2
Unemployed	1,244	1,186	1,281	1,259	1,292	1,255	1,150	1,253	1,270
Unemployment rate	5.8	5.4	5.8	5.9	6.0	5.8	5.3	5.7	5.8
Not in labor force	12,869	12,943	12,792	12,990	12,949	12,927	12,969	12,883	12,918
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	9,836	10,197	10,063	9,783	10,053	10,114	10,131	10,185	10,025
Participation rate	67.6	68.7	67.8	67.2	68.0	68.3	68.4	68.6	67.5
Employed	9,335	9,650	9,547	9,269	9,465	9,576	9,620	9,611	9,494
Employment-population ratio	64.1	65.0	64.3	63.7	64.0	64.7	64.9	64.8	63.9
Unemployed	500	547	516	514	588	538	511	574	531
Unemployment rate	5.1	5.4	5.1	5.3	5.9	5.3	5.0	5.6	5.3
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	10,770	10,861	11,148	10,696	10,886	10,922	10,872	10,873	11,055
Participation rate	62.6	62.5	64.1	62.2	62.9	63.0	62.7	62.6	63.6
Employed	10,140	10,394	10,517	10,080	10,300	10,353	10,359	10,389	10,464
Employment-population ratio	59.0	59.8	60.5	58.6	59.5	59.7	59.7	59.8	60.2
Unemployed	630	467	630	616	586	569	514	485	590
Unemployment rate	5.8	4.3	5.7	5.8	5.4	5.2	4.7	4.5	5.3
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	762	750	786	768	756	715	742	810	791
Participation rate	30.6	29.5	30.8	30.8	29.8	28.2	29.2	31.8	31.0
Employed	648	579	651	639	638	568	617	616	642
Employment-population ratio	26.0	22.7	25.5	25.7	25.1	22.3	24.3	24.2	25.2
Unemployed	114	172	135	128	118	148	125	194	148
Unemployment rate	15.0	22.9	17.2	16.7	15.6	20.7	16.9	24.0	18.8
ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population	17,129	17,633	17,593	17,129	17,491	17,600	17,515	17,633	17,593
Civilian labor force	11,100	11,611	11,443	11,106	11,435	11,556	11,486	11,580	11,480
Participation rate	64.8	65.8	65.0	64.8	65.4	65.7	65.6	65.7	65.3
Employed	10,776	11,288	11,094	10,781	11,073	11,288	11,131	11,250	11,129
Employment-population ratio	62.9	64.0	63.1	62.9	63.3	64.1	63.6	63.8	63.3
Unemployed	323	323	349	325	363	267	355	330	351
Unemployment rate	2.9	2.8	3.1	2.9	3.2	2.3	3.1	2.8	3.1
Not in labor force	6,029	6,023	6,150	6,023	6,056	6,044	6,029	6,053	6,112
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
	Oct. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2022	June 2023	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023
HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Civilian noninstitutional population	46,459	47,774	47,877	46,459	47,473	47,569	47,671	47,774	47,877
Civilian labor force	30,796	32,099	32,071	30,725	31,943	32,052	31,977	32,144	32,028
Participation rate	66.3	67.2	67.0	66.1	67.3	67.4	67.1	67.3	66.9
Employed	29,595	30,706	30,641	29,430	30,571	30,637	30,420	30,660	30,498
Employment-population ratio	63.7	64.3	64.0	63.3	64.4	64.4	63.8	64.2	63.7
Unemployed	1,202	1,393	1,429	1,295	1,372	1,416	1,557	1,484	1,529
Unemployment rate	3.9	4.3	4.5	4.2	4.3	4.4	4.9	4.6	4.8
Not in labor force	15,663	15,675	15,807	15,734	15,530	15,517	15,694	15,630	15,850
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	16,674	17,246	17,124	16,653	17,224	17,290	17,164	17,262	17,120
Participation rate	79.2	79.5	78.7	79.1	79.8	80.0	79.2	79.5	78.7
Employed	16,068	16,586	16,464	16,000	16,576	16,599	16,433	16,523	16,407
Employment-population ratio	76.3	76.4	75.7	76.0	76.8	76.8	75.9	76.1	75.4
Unemployed	606	660	660	653	649	691	731	739	714
Unemployment rate	3.6	3.8	3.9	3.9	3.8	4.0	4.3	4.3	4.2
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	12,717	13,395	13,285	12,655	13,182	13,271	13,343	13,379	13,239
Participation rate	60.2	61.9	61.2	59.9	61.3	61.6	61.8	61.8	61.0
Employed	12,294	12,826	12,794	12,185	12,638	12,745	12,752	12,805	12,700
Employment-population ratio	58.2	59.2	59.0	57.7	58.7	59.1	59.0	59.1	58.5
Unemployed	424	569	491	469	544	525	591	573	539
Unemployment rate	3.3	4.2	3.7	3.7	4.1	4.0	4.4	4.3	4.1
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	1,405	1,457	1,661	1,417	1,537	1,492	1,470	1,503	1,668
Participation rate	32.7	33.0	37.5	33.0	35.0	33.9	33.4	34.0	37.7
Employed	1,233	1,293	1,382	1,245	1,357	1,292	1,236	1,331	1,391
Employment-population ratio	28.7	29.3	31.2	29.0	31.0	29.4	28.0	30.1	31.4
Unemployed	172	164	279	173	180	200	235	172	277
Unemployment rate	12.2	11.3	16.8	12.2	11.7	13.4	16.0	11.4	16.6
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment [Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Oct. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2022	June 2023	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023
Less than a high school diploma
Civilian labor force	9,016	9,287	9,176	9,141	9,184	8,926	9,239	9,185	9,299
Participation rate	46.0	47.5	47.3	46.6	46.6	47.7	47.6	46.9	47.9
Employed	8,534	8,865	8,725	8,574	8,632	8,459	8,743	8,683	8,764
Employment-population ratio	43.5	45.3	45.0	43.7	43.8	45.2	45.0	44.4	45.2
Unemployed	481	422	451	567	552	467	496	501	535
Unemployment rate	5.3	4.5	4.9	6.2	6.0	5.2	5.4	5.5	5.8
High school graduates, no college(1)
Civilian labor force	35,243	36,416	35,758	35,070	36,038	35,980	36,243	36,205	35,624
Participation rate	56.2	57.2	57.1	55.9	57.0	56.5	56.5	56.8	56.9
Employed	33,915	34,993	34,377	33,692	34,638	34,763	34,851	34,722	34,197
Employment-population ratio	54.1	54.9	54.9	53.7	54.7	54.6	54.4	54.5	54.6
Unemployed	1,328	1,423	1,381	1,378	1,400	1,217	1,391	1,484	1,427
Unemployment rate	3.8	3.9	3.9	3.9	3.9	3.4	3.8	4.1	4.0
Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force	36,169	36,016	36,188	35,806	35,564	35,730	35,867	35,960	35,826
Participation rate	63.3	62.9	62.9	62.7	62.5	62.7	63.3	62.8	62.3
Employed	35,132	34,976	35,098	34,734	34,472	34,612	34,780	34,886	34,703
Employment-population ratio	61.5	61.1	61.0	60.8	60.5	60.7	61.4	60.9	60.3
Unemployed	1,037	1,041	1,090	1,071	1,092	1,118	1,087	1,074	1,123
Unemployment rate	2.9	2.9	3.0	3.0	3.1	3.1	3.0	3.0	3.1
Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
Civilian labor force	63,458	64,285	64,670	63,312	64,274	64,817	64,398	64,277	64,535
Participation rate	72.9	73.5	72.9	72.7	73.4	73.4	73.5	73.5	72.8
Employed	62,292	62,946	63,362	62,089	63,010	63,522	62,986	62,907	63,172
Employment-population ratio	71.6	71.9	71.5	71.3	72.0	71.9	71.9	71.9	71.3
Unemployed	1,166	1,340	1,308	1,223	1,264	1,295	1,412	1,370	1,363
Unemployment rate	1.8	2.1	2.0	1.9	2.0	2.0	2.2	2.1	2.1
Footnotes (1) Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. (2) Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service	Total		Men		Women
	Oct. 2022	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2022	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2022	Oct. 2023
VETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	18,291	17,836	16,259	15,790	2,032	2,046
Civilian labor force	8,833	8,485	7,613	7,295	1,221	1,189
Participation rate	48.3	47.6	46.8	46.2	60.1	58.1
Employed	8,610	8,256	7,417	7,095	1,192	1,160
Employment-population ratio	47.1	46.3	45.6	44.9	58.7	56.7
Unemployed	224	229	195	200	28	29
Unemployment rate	2.5	2.7	2.6	2.7	2.3	2.4
Not in labor force	9,458	9,351	8,646	8,495	811	857
Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	4,949	5,167	4,076	4,218	873	949
Civilian labor force	4,044	3,987	3,369	3,286	675	701
Participation rate	81.7	77.2	82.7	77.9	77.3	73.9
Employed	3,931	3,826	3,278	3,149	654	678
Employment-population ratio	79.4	74.1	80.4	74.7	74.9	71.4
Unemployed	113	161	92	137	21	24
Unemployment rate	2.8	4.0	2.7	4.2	3.1	3.4
Not in labor force	905	1,180	706	932	198	248
Gulf War-era I veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	3,234	2,877	2,728	2,448	506	429
Civilian labor force	2,276	2,063	1,955	1,766	321	297
Participation rate	70.4	71.7	71.7	72.1	63.5	69.3
Employed	2,222	2,026	1,904	1,729	318	297
Employment-population ratio	68.7	70.4	69.8	70.6	62.9	69.3
Unemployed	54	37	51	37	3	0
Unemployment rate	2.4	1.8	2.6	2.1	0.9	0.0
Not in labor force	958	814	773	682	184	132
World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	6,154	5,895	5,909	5,645	245	250
Civilian labor force	886	804	837	781	49	23
Participation rate	14.4	13.6	14.2	13.8	20.2	9.2
Employed	867	795	817	773	49	22
Employment-population ratio	14.1	13.5	13.8	13.7	20.2	8.7
Unemployed	19	9	19	8	0	1
Unemployment rate	2.2	1.1	2.3	1.0	-	-
Not in labor force	5,268	5,091	5,072	4,864	196	227
Veterans of other service periods
Civilian noninstitutional population	3,954	3,897	3,546	3,479	408	418
Civilian labor force	1,627	1,630	1,452	1,463	175	168
Participation rate	41.1	41.8	40.9	42.0	42.9	40.2
Employed	1,589	1,608	1,418	1,444	171	164
Employment-population ratio	40.2	41.3	40.0	41.5	41.9	39.2
Unemployed	38	22	34	18	4	4
Unemployment rate	2.3	1.4	2.3	1.2	2.4	2.4
Not in labor force	2,327	2,267	2,094	2,016	233	250
NONVETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	236,800	240,471	107,887	110,232	128,913	130,239
Civilian labor force	153,525	156,796	78,943	80,195	74,582	76,601
Participation rate	64.8	65.2	73.2	72.8	57.9	58.8
Employed	148,341	151,258	76,371	77,235	71,970	74,024
Employment-population ratio	62.6	62.9	70.8	70.1	55.8	56.8
Unemployed	5,184	5,537	2,572	2,960	2,611	2,577
Unemployment rate	3.4	3.5	3.3	3.7	3.5	3.4
Not in labor force	83,275	83,675	28,943	30,037	54,332	53,638
NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age	Persons with a disability		Persons with no disability
	Oct. 2022	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2022	Oct. 2023
TOTAL, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	32,819	33,623	231,716	234,019
Civilian labor force	7,797	8,197	156,956	159,577
Participation rate	23.8	24.4	67.7	68.2
Employed	7,224	7,590	151,920	154,086
Employment-population ratio	22.0	22.6	65.6	65.8
Unemployed	573	607	5,036	5,491
Unemployment rate	7.4	7.4	3.2	3.4
Not in labor force	25,022	25,425	74,760	74,442
Men, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force	3,318	3,562	78,017	78,993
Participation rate	39.7	42.0	82.6	82.6
Employed	3,035	3,255	75,544	76,096
Employment-population ratio	36.3	38.4	80.0	79.6
Unemployed	283	306	2,473	2,897
Unemployment rate	8.5	8.6	3.2	3.7
Not in labor force	5,037	4,925	16,397	16,654
Women, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force	3,092	3,265	68,970	70,621
Participation rate	37.6	38.7	71.7	73.4
Employed	2,848	3,035	66,604	68,245
Employment-population ratio	34.7	36.0	69.2	70.9
Unemployed	244	229	2,366	2,376
Unemployment rate	7.9	7.0	3.4	3.4
Not in labor force	5,122	5,164	27,276	25,654
Both sexes, 65 years and over
Civilian labor force	1,387	1,371	9,968	9,963
Participation rate	8.5	8.2	24.3	23.7
Employed	1,341	1,299	9,772	9,746
Employment-population ratio	8.3	7.8	23.8	23.1
Unemployed	46	72	196	217
Unemployment rate	3.3	5.2	2.0	2.2
Not in labor force	14,864	15,337	31,087	32,135
NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as visiting a doctor's office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity	Total		Men		Women
	Oct. 2022	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2022	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2022	Oct. 2023
Foreign born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	45,908	46,936	22,506	22,873	23,402	24,063
Civilian labor force	30,459	31,237	17,657	17,628	12,802	13,610
Participation rate	66.3	66.6	78.5	77.1	54.7	56.6
Employed	29,451	30,056	17,110	16,953	12,340	13,103
Employment-population ratio	64.2	64.0	76.0	74.1	52.7	54.5
Unemployed	1,008	1,182	547	675	461	507
Unemployment rate	3.3	3.8	3.1	3.8	3.6	3.7
Not in labor force	15,450	15,698	4,849	5,245	10,600	10,453
Native born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	218,627	220,706	106,391	107,943	112,236	112,763
Civilian labor force	134,294	136,537	70,028	71,102	64,267	65,435
Participation rate	61.4	61.9	65.8	65.9	57.3	58.0
Employed	129,693	131,621	67,688	68,431	62,005	63,190
Employment-population ratio	59.3	59.6	63.6	63.4	55.2	56.0
Unemployed	4,601	4,916	2,340	2,671	2,261	2,245
Unemployment rate	3.4	3.6	3.3	3.8	3.5	3.4
Not in labor force	84,333	84,169	36,363	36,841	47,970	47,328
NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status [In thousands]

Category	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Oct. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2022	June 2023	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries	2,300	2,288	2,283	2,206	2,311	2,261	2,296	2,303	2,207
Wage and salary workers(1)	1,577	1,551	1,519	1,495	1,591	1,519	1,559	1,571	1,463
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	701	699	719	692	674	688	695	693	707
Unpaid family workers	22	39	45	-	-	-	-	-	-
Nonagricultural industries	156,845	159,381	159,393	156,570	158,853	159,099	159,321	159,388	159,299
Wage and salary workers(1)	147,397	150,233	150,305	147,109	149,632	149,974	150,217	150,090	150,154
Government	21,258	21,480	21,741	21,211	21,552	21,161	21,199	21,601	21,655
Private industries	126,139	128,753	128,564	126,102	128,110	128,778	128,891	128,821	128,699
Private households	743	665	768	-	-	-	-	-	-
Other industries	125,397	128,089	127,796	125,460	127,470	128,166	128,282	128,209	128,076
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	9,394	9,114	9,054	9,261	8,917	8,814	8,809	9,033	8,943
Unpaid family workers	54	33	34	-	-	-	-	-	-
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME(2)
All industries
Part time for economic reasons(3)	3,356	3,742	3,973	3,664	4,191	4,000	4,221	4,065	4,283
Slack work or business conditions	2,335	2,608	2,790	2,535	2,890	2,717	2,799	2,793	2,982
Could only find part-time work	817	940	964	867	948	1,014	1,021	938	1,002
Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)	21,901	22,309	22,008	21,297	21,267	21,971	21,975	22,152	21,539
Nonagricultural industries
Part time for economic reasons(3)	3,301	3,698	3,923	3,578	4,095	3,913	4,110	3,991	4,182
Slack work or business conditions	2,288	2,579	2,754	2,487	2,835	2,657	2,757	2,752	2,944
Could only find part-time work	813	930	958	862	943	1,012	1,021	929	995
Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)	21,555	21,883	21,649	20,950	20,913	21,539	21,522	21,723	21,175
Footnotes (1) Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated. (2) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire week. (3) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand. (4) Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.
- Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Selected employment indicators [Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Oct. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2022	June 2023	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	159,144	161,669	161,676	158,593	160,994	161,262	161,484	161,570	161,222
16 to 19 years	5,422	5,321	5,514	5,598	5,559	5,462	5,586	5,570	5,685
16 to 17 years	2,193	2,134	2,162	2,200	2,177	2,083	2,098	2,119	2,161
18 to 19 years	3,229	3,186	3,352	3,387	3,372	3,353	3,461	3,427	3,517
20 years and over	153,722	156,349	156,162	152,994	155,435	155,799	155,898	156,000	155,537
20 to 24 years	13,849	14,569	14,600	13,780	14,741	14,559	14,606	14,676	14,550
25 years and over	139,873	141,780	141,562	139,160	140,612	141,160	141,194	141,293	140,911
25 to 54 years	102,028	103,831	103,741	101,509	103,384	103,539	103,531	103,537	103,299
25 to 34 years	35,527	36,008	35,939	35,296	35,755	36,168	35,974	35,940	35,778
35 to 44 years	34,760	35,625	35,625	34,611	35,391	35,379	35,478	35,518	35,491
45 to 54 years	31,742	32,199	32,177	31,601	32,238	31,992	32,080	32,079	32,030
55 years and over	37,844	37,949	37,821	37,651	37,228	37,620	37,663	37,756	37,612
Men, 16 years and over	84,799	85,745	85,384	84,559	85,547	85,492	85,493	85,633	85,217
16 to 19 years	2,705	2,688	2,721	2,783	2,679	2,570	2,716	2,797	2,794
16 to 17 years	1,010	1,064	1,054	1,034	972	943	1,009	1,060	1,069
18 to 19 years	1,695	1,624	1,667	1,752	1,695	1,606	1,668	1,720	1,725
20 years and over	82,093	83,057	82,663	81,776	82,868	82,922	82,777	82,837	82,423
20 to 24 years	7,150	7,248	7,238	7,144	7,541	7,435	7,369	7,310	7,252
25 years and over	74,943	75,809	75,426	74,548	75,233	75,462	75,297	75,466	75,100
25 to 54 years	54,379	55,489	55,191	54,106	55,263	55,358	55,300	55,291	54,997
25 to 34 years	18,845	19,175	19,037	18,701	19,130	19,338	19,215	19,114	18,956
35 to 44 years	18,721	19,188	19,099	18,649	19,143	19,103	19,053	19,120	19,045
45 to 54 years	16,813	17,126	17,055	16,756	16,990	16,917	17,032	17,057	16,997
55 years and over	20,564	20,319	20,235	20,442	19,971	20,104	19,997	20,175	20,103
Women, 16 years and over	74,345	75,924	76,292	74,033	75,448	75,769	75,991	75,936	76,005
16 to 19 years	2,717	2,633	2,793	2,815	2,880	2,892	2,870	2,773	2,890
16 to 17 years	1,183	1,071	1,108	1,167	1,205	1,140	1,089	1,059	1,092
18 to 19 years	1,534	1,562	1,685	1,635	1,677	1,746	1,793	1,708	1,792
20 years and over	71,628	73,292	73,499	71,218	72,567	72,877	73,121	73,163	73,115
20 to 24 years	6,699	7,321	7,363	6,636	7,201	7,125	7,237	7,366	7,298
25 years and over	64,929	65,971	66,136	64,612	65,378	65,697	65,897	65,827	65,811
25 to 54 years	47,649	48,342	48,550	47,403	48,121	48,181	48,232	48,245	48,302
25 to 34 years	16,682	16,832	16,902	16,596	16,625	16,830	16,759	16,826	16,822
35 to 44 years	16,039	16,437	16,526	15,963	16,248	16,276	16,425	16,398	16,447
45 to 54 years	14,928	15,073	15,122	14,845	15,248	15,075	15,048	15,022	15,033
55 years and over	17,280	17,629	17,586	17,209	17,258	17,516	17,665	17,582	17,509
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present(1)	45,631	46,588	45,960	45,624	45,844	45,886	45,911	46,357	45,990
Married women, spouse present(1)	36,309	37,300	37,130	36,179	36,847	37,413	37,430	37,279	37,077
Women who maintain families(2)	9,629	9,882	9,963	-	-	-	-	-	-
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers(3)	132,544	134,560	134,824	132,179	134,859	134,274	134,189	134,167	134,493
Part-time workers(4)	26,600	27,109	26,853	26,413	26,181	27,153	27,185	27,336	26,666
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders	7,676	8,146	8,542	7,519	7,995	8,113	8,028	8,151	8,356
Percent of total employed	4.8	5.0	5.3	4.7	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.2
SELF-EMPLOYMENT
Self-employed workers, incorporated	6,851	6,684	6,626	-	-	-	-	-	-
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	10,095	9,813	9,773	9,953	9,591	9,502	9,504	9,726	9,650
Footnotes (1) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. (3) Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week. (4) Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
- Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic	Number of unemployed persons (in thousands)			Unemployment rates
	Oct. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2022	June 2023	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	6,053	6,360	6,506	3.7	3.6	3.5	3.8	3.8	3.9
16 to 19 years	690	733	863	11.0	11.0	11.3	12.2	11.6	13.2
16 to 17 years	238	307	370	9.8	11.2	11.2	11.8	12.7	14.6
18 to 19 years	457	429	505	11.9	10.5	11.4	12.7	11.1	12.6
20 years and over	5,363	5,627	5,643	3.4	3.3	3.2	3.5	3.5	3.5
20 to 24 years	1,021	1,115	1,103	6.9	6.1	6.7	7.2	7.1	7.0
25 years and over	4,295	4,453	4,508	3.0	3.0	2.8	3.0	3.1	3.1
25 to 54 years	3,376	3,438	3,457	3.2	3.1	3.0	3.1	3.2	3.2
25 to 34 years	1,456	1,505	1,589	4.0	3.9	3.6	3.9	4.0	4.3
35 to 44 years	1,020	1,012	1,077	2.9	2.9	3.0	3.0	2.8	2.9
45 to 54 years	899	921	791	2.8	2.4	2.3	2.5	2.8	2.4
55 years and over	938	1,029	1,059	2.4	2.6	2.3	2.7	2.7	2.7
Men, 16 years and over	3,212	3,697	3,654	3.7	3.7	3.6	4.0	4.1	4.1
16 to 19 years	383	404	480	12.1	12.5	13.0	13.7	12.6	14.7
16 to 17 years	137	190	206	11.7	14.1	13.2	12.0	15.2	16.2
18 to 19 years	254	222	289	12.6	10.5	12.9	15.3	11.4	14.3
20 years and over	2,829	3,293	3,174	3.3	3.4	3.3	3.7	3.8	3.7
20 to 24 years	551	673	621	7.2	6.7	7.2	8.4	8.4	7.9
25 years and over	2,248	2,583	2,533	2.9	3.0	2.9	3.1	3.3	3.3
25 to 54 years	1,758	2,064	1,973	3.1	3.0	3.1	3.2	3.6	3.5
25 to 34 years	768	925	938	3.9	4.0	3.8	3.9	4.6	4.7
35 to 44 years	499	587	584	2.6	2.5	2.8	3.0	3.0	3.0
45 to 54 years	490	552	450	2.8	2.5	2.6	2.7	3.1	2.6
55 years and over	490	518	560	2.3	3.0	2.2	2.8	2.5	2.7
Women, 16 years and over	2,841	2,662	2,852	3.7	3.4	3.4	3.5	3.4	3.6
16 to 19 years	307	329	383	9.8	9.7	9.7	10.8	10.6	11.7
16 to 17 years	101	117	164	8.0	8.7	9.4	11.6	9.9	13.1
18 to 19 years	203	207	217	11.1	10.4	10.0	10.2	10.8	10.8
20 years and over	2,534	2,334	2,469	3.4	3.1	3.1	3.2	3.1	3.3
20 to 24 years	471	441	482	6.6	5.3	6.2	5.8	5.7	6.2
25 years and over	2,047	1,870	1,975	3.1	3.0	2.7	2.9	2.8	2.9
25 to 54 years	1,618	1,374	1,484	3.3	3.2	2.8	3.0	2.8	3.0
25 to 34 years	688	579	651	4.0	3.9	3.3	3.8	3.3	3.7
35 to 44 years	521	426	493	3.2	3.5	3.2	2.9	2.5	2.9
45 to 54 years	409	369	341	2.7	2.3	1.9	2.2	2.4	2.2
55 years and over	446	492	502	2.5	2.1	2.3	2.5	2.7	2.8
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present(1)	891	989	942	1.9	1.8	1.7	2.0	2.1	2.0
Married women, spouse present(1)	801	821	798	2.2	2.2	2.0	2.1	2.2	2.1
Women who maintain families(2)	577	415	485	5.7	4.8	4.5	4.9	4.0	4.6
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers(3)	5,012	5,099	5,236	3.7	3.5	3.4	3.7	3.7	3.7
Part-time workers(4)	1,073	1,239	1,286	3.9	4.0	4.1	4.4	4.3	4.6
Footnotes (1) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. (3) Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time jobs. (4) Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment [Numbers in thousands]

Reason	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Oct. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2022	June 2023	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	2,335	2,522	2,744	2,695	2,900	2,620	2,914	2,858	3,059
On temporary layoff	526	478	572	853	842	667	789	781	873
Not on temporary layoff	1,809	2,044	2,172	1,842	2,058	1,953	2,125	2,077	2,186
Permanent job losers	1,260	1,409	1,617	1,267	1,493	1,372	1,538	1,441	1,605
Persons who completed temporary jobs	549	634	555	575	565	581	587	636	581
Job leavers	887	859	823	861	794	852	801	797	800
Reentrants	1,887	2,114	1,895	1,873	1,745	1,853	1,930	2,043	1,884
New entrants	501	553	636	494	558	503	597	568	612
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	41.6	41.7	45.0	45.5	48.4	44.9	46.7	45.6	48.1
On temporary layoff	9.4	7.9	9.4	14.4	14.0	11.4	12.6	12.5	13.7
Not on temporary layoff	32.2	33.8	35.6	31.1	34.3	33.5	34.0	33.2	34.4
Job leavers	15.8	14.2	13.5	14.5	13.2	14.6	12.8	12.7	12.6
Reentrants	33.6	34.9	31.1	31.6	29.1	31.8	30.9	32.6	29.6
New entrants	8.9	9.1	10.4	8.3	9.3	8.6	9.6	9.1	9.6
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	1.4	1.5	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.6	1.7	1.7	1.8
Job leavers	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Reentrants	1.1	1.3	1.1	1.1	1.0	1.1	1.2	1.2	1.1
New entrants	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.4
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment [Numbers in thousands]

Duration	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Oct. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2022	June 2023	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks	2,023	2,023	2,104	2,215	2,068	2,004	2,221	2,051	2,268
5 to 14 weeks	1,696	1,865	1,726	1,774	1,889	1,698	1,877	2,044	1,836
15 weeks and over	1,889	2,161	2,268	1,987	2,021	2,161	2,298	2,288	2,363
15 to 26 weeks	714	928	975	817	917	997	1,002	1,072	1,081
27 weeks and over	1,175	1,233	1,292	1,169	1,105	1,164	1,296	1,216	1,282
Average (mean) duration, in weeks	21.5	21.9	22.2	20.8	20.7	20.6	20.4	21.5	21.6
Median duration, in weeks	8.6	9.7	9.1	8.4	8.7	8.7	8.7	9.2	8.9
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Less than 5 weeks	36.1	33.4	34.5	37.1	34.6	34.2	34.7	32.1	35.1
5 to 14 weeks	30.2	30.8	28.3	29.7	31.6	29.0	29.3	32.0	28.4
15 weeks and over	33.7	35.7	37.2	33.2	33.8	36.9	35.9	35.8	36.5
15 to 26 weeks	12.7	15.3	16.0	13.7	15.3	17.0	15.7	16.8	16.7
27 weeks and over	21.0	20.4	21.2	19.6	18.5	19.9	20.3	19.1	19.8
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Occupation	Employed		Unemployed		Unemployment rates
	Oct. 2022	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2022	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2022	Oct. 2023
Total, 16 years and over(1)	159,144	161,676	5,609	6,098	3.4	3.6
Management, professional, and related occupations	68,918	71,387	1,398	1,415	2.0	1.9
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	29,433	30,812	639	550	2.1	1.8
Professional and related occupations	39,485	40,575	759	865	1.9	2.1
Service occupations	25,749	26,349	1,134	1,224	4.2	4.4
Sales and office occupations	29,886	29,893	1,060	1,152	3.4	3.7
Sales and related occupations	14,242	14,228	497	577	3.4	3.9
Office and administrative support occupations	15,644	15,665	563	575	3.5	3.5
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	14,463	14,308	606	678	4.0	4.5
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	938	975	77	123	7.6	11.2
Construction and extraction occupations	8,658	8,361	413	458	4.6	5.2
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	4,867	4,972	116	97	2.3	1.9
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	20,128	19,739	886	971	4.2	4.7
Production occupations	8,184	8,072	295	313	3.5	3.7
Transportation and material moving occupations	11,944	11,668	591	657	4.7	5.3
Footnotes (1) Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly comparable with earlier years.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker	Number of unemployed persons (in thousands)		Unemployment rates
	Oct. 2022	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2022	Oct. 2023
Total, 16 years and over(1)	5,609	6,098	3.4	3.6
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers	4,381	4,636	3.4	3.5
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	4	39	0.8	6.1
Construction	419	414	4.1	4.0
Manufacturing	463	478	3.1	3.1
Durable goods	319	318	3.3	3.3
Nondurable goods	144	160	2.7	2.8
Wholesale and retail trade	699	789	3.6	4.0
Transportation and utilities	273	361	3.3	4.5
Information	94	106	3.3	3.7
Financial activities	195	222	1.9	2.2
Professional and business services	645	611	3.5	3.2
Education and health services	677	593	2.7	2.3
Leisure and hospitality	738	757	5.5	5.5
Other services	174	264	2.5	3.8
Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers	81	106	5.1	6.7
Government workers	321	354	1.5	1.6
Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers	325	367	3.1	3.6
Footnotes (1) Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization [Percent]

Measure	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Oct. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2022	June 2023	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force	1.1	1.3	1.4	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.4	1.4	1.4
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force	1.4	1.5	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.6	1.7	1.7	1.8
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate)	3.4	3.6	3.6	3.7	3.6	3.5	3.8	3.8	3.9
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers	3.6	3.8	3.9	3.9	3.7	3.7	4.0	4.0	4.1
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other persons marginally attached to the labor force, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force	4.3	4.5	4.4	4.5	4.4	4.3	4.6	4.6	4.7
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force	6.3	6.7	6.8	6.7	6.9	6.7	7.1	7.0	7.2
NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Category	Total		Men		Women
	Oct. 2022	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2022	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2022	Oct. 2023
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force	99,782	99,868	41,212	42,087	58,570	57,781
Persons who currently want a job	5,341	5,037	2,618	2,449	2,723	2,588
Marginally attached to the labor force(1)	1,469	1,391	786	724	683	667
Discouraged workers(2)	373	428	261	238	112	190
Other persons marginally attached to the labor force(3)	1,096	963	525	486	571	477
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders(4)	7,676	8,542	3,846	4,043	3,830	4,499
Percent of total employed	4.8	5.3	4.5	4.7	5.2	5.9
Primary job full time, secondary job part time	4,449	4,978	2,449	2,510	1,999	2,468
Primary and secondary jobs both part time	1,733	1,978	612	699	1,122	1,280
Primary and secondary jobs both full time	347	394	194	203	154	191
Hours vary on primary or secondary job	1,095	1,137	565	614	530	523
Footnotes (1) Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks. (2) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. (3) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined. (4) Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
[In thousands]

Industry	Not seasonally adjusted				Seasonally adjusted
	Oct. 2022	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023(p)	Oct. 2023(p)	Oct. 2022	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023(p)	Oct. 2023(p)	Change from: Sept.2023 - Oct.2023(p)
Total nonfarm	155,041	156,392	156,918	157,984	154,006	156,476	156,773	156,923	150
Total private	132,422	134,415	134,002	134,741	131,744	133,686	133,932	134,031	99
Goods-producing	21,553	21,901	21,810	21,805	21,384	21,622	21,650	21,639	-11
Mining and logging	622	652	650	651	616	644	645	646	1
Logging	45.6	48.1	48.2	48.1	45.1	46.7	47.5	47.4	-0.1
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	576.7	604.0	601.5	602.6	571.1	597.6	597.9	598.4	0.5
Oil and gas extraction	116.9	119.8	119.2	119.5	116.6	118.7	118.8	119.1	0.3
Mining (except oil and gas)	186.8	190.5	189.3	187.6	184.8	186.9	186.8	185.8	-1.0
Coal mining	41.0	41.6	41.3	40.9	40.9	41.5	41.3	40.8	-0.5
Metal ore mining	43.1	44.2	44.2	43.6	43.2	43.9	44.2	43.7	-0.5
Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying	102.7	104.7	103.8	103.1	100.7	101.5	101.3	101.3	0.0
Support activities for mining	273.0	293.7	293.0	295.5	269.7	292.0	292.3	293.5	1.2
Construction	7,976	8,207	8,164	8,193	7,814	7,997	8,010	8,033	23
Construction of buildings	1,788.8	1,835.6	1,825.3	1,839.3	1,763.8	1,802.6	1,809.5	1,815.8	6.3
Residential building construction	942.1	941.1	936.6	949.0	929.5	925.9	931.8	935.5	3.7
Nonresidential building construction	846.7	894.5	888.7	890.3	834.3	876.7	877.7	880.3	2.6
Heavy and civil engineering construction	1,125.4	1,179.7	1,181.1	1,180.7	1,073.8	1,126.6	1,129.4	1,131.0	1.6
Specialty trade contractors	5,062.0	5,191.8	5,157.4	5,173.0	4,976.0	5,067.6	5,071.5	5,085.7	14.2
Residential specialty trade contractors	2,353.3	2,405.9	2,393.9	2,407.7	2,323.2	2,356.0	2,362.8	2,372.8	10.0
Nonresidential specialty trade contractors	2,708.7	2,785.9	2,763.5	2,765.3	2,652.8	2,711.6	2,708.7	2,712.9	4.2
Manufacturing	12,955	13,042	12,996	12,961	12,954	12,981	12,995	12,960	-35
Durable goods	8,053	8,168	8,139	8,104	8,059	8,137	8,147	8,111	-36
Wood product manufacturing	428.6	424.6	421.4	421.8	428.8	422.7	422.3	422.1	-0.2
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	431.0	437.8	437.3	437.6	426.2	432.4	433.8	433.8	0.0
Primary metal manufacturing	366.0	372.0	369.3	368.2	368.0	371.5	370.6	369.7	-0.9
Fabricated metal product manufacturing	1,444.7	1,455.7	1,453.6	1,456.4	1,446.7	1,454.1	1,456.3	1,457.1	0.8
Machinery manufacturing	1,107.9	1,138.2	1,130.5	1,128.1	1,113.3	1,134.7	1,135.7	1,134.0	-1.7
Computer and electronic product manufacturing	1,096.6	1,107.5	1,096.7	1,096.0	1,097.5	1,101.6	1,099.0	1,097.3	-1.7
Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing	166.7	168.3	166.9	166.3	166.3	167.5	166.9	166.1	-0.8
Communications equipment manufacturing	84.9	85.4	85.6	86.6	85.3	85.5	86.0	86.6	0.6
Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing	391.3	388.3	382.8	382.6	392.4	386.0	384.4	383.5	-0.9
Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing	421.5	431.8	428.1	427.8	421.6	429.5	428.5	428.3	-0.2
Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic and optical media and audio and video equipment manufacturing	32.2	33.7	33.3	32.7	31.9	33.1	33.2	32.8	-0.4
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing	404.5	407.4	406.0	405.7	406.0	406.6	406.5	406.9	0.4
Transportation equipment manufacturing(1)	1,762.5	1,831.4	1,840.1	1,807.8	1,758.9	1,824.2	1,835.1	1,805.2	-29.9
Motor vehicles and parts(2)	1,037.8	1,074.0	1,083.2	1,047.5	1,032.9	1,069.5	1,078.4	1,045.2	-33.2
Furniture and related product manufacturing	378.0	360.6	355.0	354.4	380.8	359.4	357.5	356.0	-1.5
Miscellaneous manufacturing	633.3	632.7	629.0	628.4	632.8	629.3	630.1	628.4	-1.7
Nondurable goods	4,902	4,874	4,857	4,857	4,895	4,844	4,848	4,849	1
Food manufacturing	1,716.7	1,731.6	1,726.7	1,733.2	1,707.6	1,718.0	1,721.2	1,727.4	6.2
Textile mills	97.3	93.6	93.0	93.1	97.2	93.2	92.9	93.0	0.1
Textile product mills	102.3	98.9	98.4	97.0	102.4	99.2	98.7	97.5	-1.2
Apparel manufacturing	93.5	91.7	91.1	90.6	93.3	91.6	91.3	90.8	-0.5
Paper manufacturing	361.3	346.2	347.3	348.1	362.7	347.4	348.1	348.7	0.6
Printing and related support activities	382.4	375.5	370.5	373.5	380.9	374.8	371.7	372.8	1.1
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	106.9	108.2	106.4	106.5	105.0	105.8	105.2	104.8	-0.4
Chemical manufacturing	913.8	917.1	913.2	910.6	916.9	915.0	916.6	914.0	-2.6
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing	762.1	741.0	742.2	738.3	768.8	739.5	743.2	740.1	-3.1
Beverage, tobacco, and leather and allied product manufacturing	365.8	370.3	367.9	366.2	360.0	359.8	359.0	360.2	1.2
Private service-providing	110,869	112,514	112,192	112,936	110,360	112,064	112,282	112,392	110
Trade, transportation, and utilities	28,843	28,714	28,721	28,958	28,815	28,842	28,885	28,884	-1
Wholesale trade	6,024.1	6,082.0	6,076.2	6,099.4	6,019.6	6,065.3	6,081.3	6,090.7	9.4
Merchant wholesalers, durable goods	3,317.5	3,359.6	3,362.7	3,369.9	3,321.8	3,352.2	3,367.6	3,371.2	3.6
Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods	2,180.3	2,189.6	2,184.6	2,195.1	2,173.1	2,182.2	2,184.7	2,187.6	2.9
Wholesale trade agents and brokers	526.3	532.8	528.9	534.4	524.7	530.9	529.0	531.9	2.9
Retail trade	15,502.5	15,503.8	15,415.1	15,562.9	15,496.7	15,532.1	15,545.4	15,546.1	0.7
Motor vehicle and parts dealers	2,016.9	2,056.6	2,058.5	2,063.6	2,015.2	2,045.8	2,054.1	2,060.0	5.9
Automobile dealers	1,253.5	1,265.5	1,267.6	1,273.3	1,255.0	1,262.0	1,267.2	1,273.1	5.9
Other motor vehicle dealers	178.4	183.7	177.3	174.2	177.8	176.6	175.6	173.7	-1.9
Automotive parts, accessories, and tire retailers	585.0	607.4	613.6	616.1	582.4	607.2	611.3	613.1	1.8
Building material and garden equipment and supplies dealers	1,393.0	1,380.4	1,356.3	1,348.4	1,420.4	1,373.3	1,372.2	1,369.1	-3.1
Food and beverage retailers	3,212.2	3,257.0	3,229.5	3,249.3	3,210.4	3,248.2	3,249.2	3,252.6	3.4
Furniture, home furnishings, electronics, and appliance retailers	893.2	835.3	837.6	847.3	896.7	847.5	845.0	841.6	-3.4
Furniture and home furnishings retailers	451.8	428.3	428.9	439.5	452.7	435.2	436.4	438.3	1.9
Electronics and appliance retailers	441.4	407.0	408.7	407.8	431.1	411.1	408.4	403.1	-5.3
General merchandise retailers	3,117.6	3,125.3	3,124.7	3,193.5	3,105.9	3,176.7	3,179.4	3,180.1	0.7
Department stores	949.1	929.1	927.7	958.6	945.4	954.2	955.1	953.5	-1.6
Warehouse clubs, supercenters, and other general merchandise retailers	2,168.5	2,196.2	2,197.0	2,234.9	2,160.5	2,222.5	2,224.4	2,226.6	2.2
Health and personal care retailers	1,114.0	1,086.4	1,090.6	1,106.4	1,108.8	1,099.4	1,101.2	1,100.9	-0.3
Gasoline stations and fuel dealers	1,052.6	1,087.2	1,082.8	1,078.7	1,049.2	1,072.8	1,078.5	1,076.3	-2.2
Clothing, clothing accessories, shoe, and jewelry retailers	1,155.2	1,139.1	1,112.4	1,142.0	1,153.2	1,138.6	1,135.7	1,138.4	2.7
Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument, book, and miscellaneous retailers	1,547.8	1,536.5	1,522.7	1,533.7	1,536.9	1,529.8	1,530.1	1,527.1	-3.0
Transportation and warehousing	6,759.9	6,568.6	6,671.0	6,734.6	6,741.7	6,685.8	6,698.3	6,686.2	-12.1
Air transportation	517.3	550.1	552.7	556.2	516.8	547.1	551.6	555.1	3.5
Rail transportation	147.8	150.5	150.3	150.3	147.6	150.2	150.2	150.2	0.0
Water transportation	65.9	71.5	70.7	71.1	66.2	69.0	69.1	70.3	1.2
Truck transportation	1,619.7	1,588.8	1,589.6	1,589.7	1,605.4	1,570.2	1,583.6	1,578.6	-5.0
Transit and ground passenger transportation	439.4	380.9	450.7	453.0	417.0	438.5	434.9	434.2	-0.7
Pipeline transportation	48.0	48.2	48.3	47.9	48.1	48.0	48.5	48.0	-0.5
Scenic and sightseeing transportation	35.6	43.9	41.6	37.7	34.0	36.5	36.4	36.0	-0.4
Support activities for transportation	806.8	816.5	817.6	818.8	801.3	815.3	816.4	815.0	-1.4
Couriers and messengers	1,102.9	1,060.4	1,079.9	1,107.9	1,156.1	1,123.6	1,125.2	1,127.8	2.6
Warehousing and storage	1,976.5	1,857.8	1,869.6	1,902.0	1,949.2	1,887.4	1,882.4	1,871.0	-11.4
Utilities	556.5	559.9	558.6	561.1	556.9	558.4	559.9	560.7	0.8
Information	3,124	3,057	3,037	3,037	3,116	3,040	3,036	3,027	-9
Motion picture and sound recording industries	473.3	451.7	431.4	436.0	463.5	437.4	433.6	428.2	-5.4
Publishing industries	947.3	929.2	935.8	924.4	950.3	926.1	929.8	925.3	-4.5
Broadcasting and content providers	358.2	346.9	346.4	348.0	357.0	347.5	347.4	347.7	0.3
Telecommunications	663.2	638.9	638.2	641.1	663.9	639.9	639.1	640.5	1.4
Computing infrastructure providers, data processing, web hosting, and related services	481.2	498.7	495.8	495.6	480.4	499.2	495.6	494.6	-1.0
Web search portals, libraries, archives, and other information services	200.5	191.1	189.8	191.6	200.5	189.9	190.3	190.2	-0.1
Financial activities	9,111	9,208	9,154	9,178	9,086	9,153	9,155	9,153	-2
Finance and insurance	6,705.3	6,741.9	6,702.5	6,716.3	6,700.0	6,720.1	6,716.6	6,708.8	-7.8
Monetary authorities-central bank	21.6	22.1	22.0	21.9	21.6	22.0	22.0	21.9	-0.1
Credit intermediation and related activities	2,690.5	2,667.3	2,643.9	2,637.3	2,694.4	2,657.7	2,649.8	2,639.8	-10.0
Depository credit intermediation(1)	1,772.9	1,787.8	1,772.2	1,768.2	1,777.8	1,781.7	1,778.7	1,773.3	-5.4
Commercial banking	1,369.6	1,375.0	1,361.4	1,355.9	1,374.3	1,369.8	1,366.8	1,361.0	-5.8
Nondepository credit intermediation	592.2	566.5	561.0	559.9	590.4	564.1	560.6	557.6	-3.0
Activities related to credit intermediation	325.4	313.0	310.7	309.2	326.2	311.8	310.5	308.9	-1.6
Securities, commodity contracts, funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles, investments, and related activities	1,066.7	1,098.9	1,084.6	1,092.8	1,063.3	1,088.2	1,088.6	1,089.8	1.2
Insurance carriers and related activities	2,926.5	2,953.6	2,952.0	2,964.3	2,920.7	2,952.2	2,956.2	2,957.3	1.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	2,405.6	2,466.5	2,451.3	2,462.1	2,385.8	2,432.5	2,438.7	2,443.8	5.1
Real estate	1,852.6	1,865.6	1,855.7	1,872.5	1,835.5	1,850.7	1,853.3	1,856.6	3.3
Rental and leasing services	530.3	578.1	573.0	566.8	527.7	559.3	562.7	564.5	1.8
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets (except copyrighted works)	22.7	22.8	22.6	22.8	22.6	22.5	22.7	22.7	0.0
Professional and business services	23,044	23,086	23,060	23,287	22,791	22,995	23,012	23,027	15
Professional, scientific, and technical services	10,683.4	10,925.0	10,853.7	10,972.2	10,664.8	10,916.7	10,935.6	10,952.6	17.0
Legal services	1,184.9	1,177.3	1,175.6	1,188.2	1,179.0	1,178.3	1,181.9	1,181.9	0.0
Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services	1,095.0	1,114.4	1,105.4	1,119.6	1,134.6	1,158.8	1,158.4	1,158.7	0.3
Architectural, engineering, and related services	1,645.3	1,707.1	1,688.3	1,697.4	1,633.5	1,685.2	1,684.6	1,687.2	2.6
Specialized design services	155.1	161.2	158.8	160.9	153.7	160.5	159.7	160.2	0.5
Computer systems design and related services	2,496.1	2,528.8	2,501.3	2,535.1	2,488.7	2,518.1	2,518.0	2,524.7	6.7
Management, scientific, and technical consulting services	1,835.9	1,885.4	1,886.4	1,914.8	1,813.4	1,882.9	1,891.0	1,893.6	2.6
Scientific research and development services	909.3	955.1	945.7	947.2	909.9	943.7	948.4	947.3	-1.1
Advertising, public relations, and related services	496.7	500.5	501.1	506.7	495.5	498.9	501.7	504.0	2.3
Other professional, scientific, and technical services	865.1	895.2	891.1	902.3	856.5	890.2	891.9	895.0	3.1
Management of companies and enterprises	2,504.7	2,537.1	2,524.9	2,523.3	2,505.9	2,525.7	2,526.9	2,524.4	-2.5
Administrative and support and waste management and remediation services	9,855.4	9,623.5	9,681.0	9,791.0	9,620.0	9,553.0	9,549.5	9,549.9	0.4
Administrative and support services	9,367.0	9,120.4	9,179.3	9,291.3	9,136.6	9,056.7	9,052.8	9,054.6	1.8
Office administrative services	610.7	626.7	631.0	640.3	607.2	622.7	629.4	635.4	6.0
Facilities support services	159.0	167.5	166.7	166.4	157.1	165.1	165.1	164.8	-0.3
Employment services(1)	4,038.5	3,679.1	3,757.2	3,864.8	3,897.4	3,728.3	3,712.0	3,709.4	-2.6
Temporary help services	3,240.9	2,906.1	2,981.3	3,078.6	3,141.4	2,950.8	2,941.9	2,948.5	6.6
Business support services	783.6	742.0	741.8	744.1	779.3	750.7	746.7	739.2	-7.5
Travel arrangement and reservation services	176.2	187.2	187.1	190.6	174.5	184.9	186.2	189.0	2.8
Investigation and security services	971.3	982.0	986.0	987.0	966.1	980.4	982.7	982.8	0.1
Services to buildings and dwellings	2,283.5	2,391.1	2,361.4	2,344.0	2,217.3	2,283.2	2,287.3	2,287.0	-0.3
Other support services	344.2	344.8	348.1	354.1	337.6	341.4	343.2	347.1	3.9
Waste management and remediation services	488.4	503.1	501.7	499.7	483.4	496.3	496.7	495.3	-1.4
Private education and health services	24,872	25,243	25,564	25,909	24,661	25,525	25,603	25,692	89
Private educational services	3,995.9	3,669.6	3,948.0	4,111.2	3,846.5	3,942.2	3,951.3	3,962.8	11.5
Health care and social assistance	20,875.6	21,573.2	21,615.5	21,797.5	20,814.5	21,582.5	21,651.8	21,729.0	77.2
Health care(3)	16,532.2	17,024.4	17,060.5	17,175.4	16,487.1	17,017.2	17,065.2	17,123.6	58.4
Ambulatory health care services	8,244.6	8,468.7	8,492.0	8,572.7	8,217.0	8,479.4	8,509.3	8,541.7	32.4
Offices of physicians	2,847.1	2,919.3	2,928.6	2,960.1	2,836.0	2,923.4	2,933.3	2,945.9	12.6
Offices of dentists	1,027.3	1,042.5	1,038.7	1,039.0	1,026.7	1,040.7	1,042.1	1,038.5	-3.6
Offices of other health practitioners	1,113.6	1,144.1	1,144.9	1,158.3	1,109.0	1,143.5	1,148.2	1,152.6	4.4
Outpatient care centers	1,046.6	1,062.8	1,063.6	1,075.3	1,045.7	1,065.0	1,066.7	1,074.8	8.1
Medical and diagnostic laboratories	318.4	325.7	325.4	325.4	317.4	325.4	326.4	325.3	-1.1
Home health care services	1,560.7	1,633.0	1,647.7	1,668.6	1,550.8	1,638.5	1,649.4	1,658.9	9.5
Other ambulatory health care services	330.9	341.3	343.1	346.0	331.6	342.8	343.2	345.8	2.6
Hospitals	5,226.8	5,358.0	5,373.9	5,395.1	5,219.6	5,351.0	5,364.6	5,382.7	18.1
Nursing and residential care facilities	3,060.8	3,197.7	3,194.6	3,207.6	3,050.5	3,186.8	3,191.3	3,199.2	7.9
Skilled nursing care facilities	1,373.5	1,433.4	1,431.2	1,441.1	1,364.7	1,429.0	1,428.6	1,433.0	4.4
Residential intellectual and developmental disability, mental health, and substance abuse facilities	619.5	641.4	644.9	646.1	619.3	639.6	643.9	645.2	1.3
Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly	914.3	966.1	962.1	963.3	913.3	961.7	962.2	964.0	1.8
Other residential care facilities	153.5	156.8	156.4	157.1	153.2	156.5	156.7	157.0	0.3
Social assistance	4,343.4	4,548.8	4,555.0	4,622.1	4,327.4	4,565.3	4,586.6	4,605.4	18.8
Individual and family services	2,882.4	3,055.8	3,054.0	3,096.7	2,875.1	3,055.9	3,074.4	3,088.7	14.3
Community food and housing, and emergency and other relief services	206.2	217.5	217.6	221.1	207.1	219.3	220.3	221.6	1.3
Vocational rehabilitation services	271.8	282.9	282.3	285.1	269.4	280.5	283.1	283.5	0.4
Child care services	983.0	992.6	1,001.1	1,019.2	975.8	1,009.6	1,008.8	1,011.6	2.8
Leisure and hospitality	16,107	17,278	16,784	16,677	16,135	16,629	16,703	16,722	19
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	2,329.2	2,731.4	2,519.7	2,475.0	2,360.2	2,471.5	2,485.2	2,505.6	20.4
Performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries	524.3	569.2	581.1	577.0	520.0	544.4	554.2	564.5	10.3
Museums, historical sites, and similar institutions	163.4	183.0	176.2	175.8	162.0	173.0	174.5	175.1	0.6
Amusement, gambling, and recreation industries	1,641.5	1,979.2	1,762.4	1,722.2	1,678.2	1,754.1	1,756.5	1,766.0	9.5
Accommodation and food services	13,777.8	14,546.2	14,264.0	14,201.6	13,775.0	14,157.6	14,217.6	14,216.8	-0.8
Accommodation	1,802.8	1,990.1	1,905.4	1,875.1	1,819.1	1,873.6	1,885.3	1,892.0	6.7
Food services and drinking places	11,975.0	12,556.1	12,358.6	12,326.5	11,955.9	12,284.0	12,332.3	12,324.8	-7.5
Other services	5,768	5,928	5,872	5,890	5,756	5,880	5,888	5,887	-1
Repair and maintenance	1,417.4	1,460.7	1,456.4	1,464.0	1,410.5	1,453.2	1,457.0	1,458.0	1.0
Personal and laundry services	1,511.2	1,549.0	1,547.9	1,554.4	1,505.4	1,545.3	1,554.6	1,551.1	-3.5
Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional, and similar organizations	2,839.7	2,918.5	2,867.5	2,872.0	2,839.9	2,881.9	2,876.7	2,877.8	1.1
Government	22,619	21,977	22,916	23,243	22,262	22,790	22,841	22,892	51
Federal	2,877	2,952	2,960	2,958	2,871	2,944	2,948	2,951	3
Federal, except U.S. Postal Service	2,279.3	2,349.4	2,357.5	2,352.4	2,269.6	2,335.0	2,340.7	2,343.1	2.4
U.S. Postal Service	598.1	602.4	602.5	605.4	601.7	608.7	607.2	608.0	0.8
State government	5,263	5,014	5,362	5,440	5,104	5,261	5,271	5,281	10
State government education	2,605.5	2,275.6	2,630.3	2,707.2	2,446.0	2,539.5	2,546.0	2,548.5	2.5
State government, excluding education	2,657.8	2,738.1	2,731.6	2,732.9	2,658.4	2,721.6	2,725.3	2,732.7	7.4
Local government	14,479	14,011	14,594	14,845	14,287	14,585	14,622	14,660	38
Local government education	8,045.8	7,208.7	7,954.6	8,221.8	7,826.8	7,965.5	7,976.4	8,002.8	26.4
Local government, excluding education	6,432.9	6,802.4	6,639.8	6,623.4	6,460.4	6,619.4	6,645.3	6,657.2	11.9
Footnotes (1) Includes other industries, not shown separately. (2) Includes motor vehicle manufacturing, motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing, and motor vehicle parts manufacturing. (3) Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry	Oct. 2022	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023(p)	Oct. 2023(p)
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private	34.6	34.4	34.4	34.3
Goods-producing	40.0	39.9	39.9	39.8
Mining and logging	46.3	45.2	44.8	44.5
Construction	38.9	39.1	39.1	39.1
Manufacturing	40.4	40.1	40.1	40.0
Durable goods	40.8	40.7	40.6	40.4
Nondurable goods	39.7	39.1	39.2	39.3
Private service-providing	33.5	33.3	33.3	33.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	34.2	34.0	33.9	33.8
Wholesale trade	38.8	38.8	38.7	38.5
Retail trade	30.2	29.9	29.8	29.7
Transportation and warehousing	38.6	38.4	38.3	38.2
Utilities	42.7	41.8	41.7	41.7
Information	36.5	36.4	36.3	36.4
Financial activities	37.5	37.4	37.4	37.3
Professional and business services	36.7	36.4	36.5	36.3
Private education and health services	33.4	33.4	33.3	33.2
Leisure and hospitality	25.5	25.3	25.5	25.5
Other services	32.3	32.2	32.3	32.2
AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing	3.1	3.0	3.0	2.9
Durable goods	3.3	3.2	3.1	3.0
Nondurable goods	2.9	2.7	2.7	2.7
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry	Average hourly earnings				Average weekly earnings
	Oct. 2022	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023(p)	Oct. 2023(p)	Oct. 2022	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023(p)	Oct. 2023(p)
Total private	$32.66	$33.82	$33.93	$34.00	$1,130.04	$1,163.41	$1,167.19	$1,166.20
Goods-producing	32.86	34.31	34.43	34.51	1,314.40	1,368.97	1,373.76	1,373.50
Mining and logging	36.24	38.21	38.69	38.42	1,677.91	1,727.09	1,733.31	1,709.69
Construction	35.25	36.75	36.83	37.00	1,371.23	1,436.93	1,440.05	1,446.70
Manufacturing	31.29	32.63	32.76	32.79	1,264.12	1,308.46	1,313.68	1,311.60
Durable goods	32.91	34.16	34.31	34.39	1,342.73	1,390.31	1,392.99	1,389.36
Nondurable goods	28.57	29.96	30.07	30.03	1,134.23	1,171.44	1,178.74	1,180.18
Private service-providing	32.62	33.71	33.81	33.88	1,092.77	1,122.54	1,125.87	1,124.82
Trade, transportation, and utilities	28.04	29.14	29.26	29.26	958.97	990.76	991.91	988.99
Wholesale trade	35.56	37.08	37.22	37.09	1,379.73	1,438.70	1,440.41	1,427.97
Retail trade	23.21	23.99	24.06	24.05	700.94	717.30	716.99	714.29
Transportation and warehousing	28.14	29.28	29.46	29.58	1,086.20	1,124.35	1,128.32	1,129.96
Utilities	48.19	49.88	50.03	50.19	2,057.71	2,084.98	2,086.25	2,092.92
Information	47.66	48.26	48.32	48.32	1,739.59	1,756.66	1,754.02	1,758.85
Financial activities	42.06	43.96	44.15	44.21	1,577.25	1,644.10	1,651.21	1,649.03
Professional and business services	39.19	40.62	40.80	40.94	1,438.27	1,478.57	1,489.20	1,486.12
Private education and health services	32.30	33.11	33.19	33.27	1,078.82	1,105.87	1,105.23	1,104.56
Leisure and hospitality	20.44	21.28	21.29	21.36	521.22	538.38	542.90	544.68
Other services	29.17	30.08	30.17	30.33	942.19	968.58	974.49	976.63
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted [2007=100]

Industry	Index of aggregate weekly hours(1)					Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(2)
	Oct. 2022	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023(p)	Oct. 2023(p)	Percent change from: Sept. 2023 - Oct. 2023(p)	Oct. 2022	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023(p)	Oct. 2023(p)	Percent change from: Sept. 2023 - Oct. 2023(p)
Total private	114.4	115.4	115.7	115.4	-0.3	178.7	186.7	187.6	187.6	0.0
Goods-producing	97.5	98.3	98.4	98.1	-0.3	144.7	152.4	153.2	153.0	-0.1
Mining and logging	89.6	91.5	90.8	90.3	-0.6	130.4	140.3	141.0	139.3	-1.2
Construction	104.8	107.8	108.0	108.3	0.3	160.5	172.1	172.8	174.1	0.8
Manufacturing	94.2	93.6	93.7	93.3	-0.4	137.0	142.1	142.8	142.2	-0.4
Durable goods	92.6	93.2	93.1	92.3	-0.9	135.3	141.5	141.9	140.9	-0.7
Nondurable goods	97.0	94.5	94.9	95.1	0.2	140.6	143.7	144.7	144.9	0.1
Private service-providing	119.0	120.1	120.4	120.1	-0.2	188.7	196.9	197.8	197.8	0.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	107.7	107.1	107.0	106.7	-0.3	162.8	168.4	168.8	168.3	-0.3
Wholesale trade	103.0	103.8	103.8	103.4	-0.4	153.2	161.0	161.6	160.5	-0.7
Retail trade	95.3	94.5	94.3	94.0	-0.3	146.2	149.9	150.0	149.4	-0.4
Transportation and warehousing	149.5	147.5	147.4	146.8	-0.4	214.1	219.7	220.9	220.8	0.0
Utilities	102.9	101.0	101.0	101.2	0.2	163.8	166.4	167.0	167.8	0.5
Information	103.9	101.1	100.7	100.6	-0.1	176.3	173.7	173.2	173.2	0.0
Financial activities	111.6	112.1	112.2	111.8	-0.4	183.1	192.3	193.1	192.9	-0.1
Professional and business services	130.9	130.9	131.4	130.8	-0.5	207.7	215.5	217.2	216.9	-0.1
Private education and health services	134.5	139.2	139.2	139.3	0.1	209.0	221.7	222.3	222.9	0.3
Leisure and hospitality	117.4	120.0	121.5	121.7	0.2	193.6	206.1	208.7	209.7	0.5
Other services	107.2	109.2	109.7	109.3	-0.4	171.4	180.0	181.3	181.7	0.2
Footnotes (1) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment. (2) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry	Women employees (in thousands)				Percent of all employees
	Oct. 2022	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023(p)	Oct. 2023(p)	Oct. 2022	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023(p)	Oct. 2023(p)
Total nonfarm	76,689	77,984	78,128	78,248	49.8	49.8	49.8	49.9
Total private	63,731	64,690	64,817	64,898	48.4	48.4	48.4	48.4
Goods-producing	4,933	4,991	4,998	4,998	23.1	23.1	23.1	23.1
Mining and logging	79	83	84	84	12.8	12.9	13.0	13.0
Construction	1,099	1,137	1,139	1,149	14.1	14.2	14.2	14.3
Manufacturing	3,755	3,771	3,775	3,765	29.0	29.1	29.0	29.1
Durable goods	2,002	2,025	2,026	2,020	24.8	24.9	24.9	24.9
Nondurable goods	1,753	1,746	1,749	1,745	35.8	36.0	36.1	36.0
Private service-providing	58,798	59,699	59,819	59,900	53.3	53.3	53.3	53.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	11,351	11,297	11,291	11,292	39.4	39.2	39.1	39.1
Wholesale trade	1,841.5	1,869.0	1,863.8	1,868.4	30.6	30.8	30.6	30.7
Retail trade	7,543.1	7,491.8	7,491.2	7,495.8	48.7	48.2	48.2	48.2
Transportation and warehousing	1,824.0	1,788.3	1,787.8	1,778.6	27.1	26.7	26.7	26.6
Utilities	142.5	147.5	147.8	148.9	25.6	26.4	26.4	26.6
Information	1,261	1,238	1,237	1,230	40.5	40.7	40.7	40.6
Financial activities	5,065	5,091	5,098	5,108	55.7	55.6	55.7	55.8
Professional and business services	10,519	10,588	10,599	10,600	46.2	46.0	46.1	46.0
Private education and health services	19,015	19,616	19,677	19,771	77.1	76.9	76.9	77.0
Leisure and hospitality	8,523	8,726	8,766	8,745	52.8	52.5	52.5	52.3
Other services	3,064	3,143	3,151	3,154	53.2	53.5	53.5	53.6
Government	12,958	13,294	13,311	13,350	58.2	58.3	58.3	58.3
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1) [In thousands]

Industry	Oct. 2022	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023(p)	Oct. 2023(p)
Total private	107,231	108,764	108,951	108,968
Goods-producing	15,348	15,473	15,481	15,451
Mining and logging	460	496	499	499
Construction	5,785	5,872	5,872	5,877
Manufacturing	9,103	9,105	9,110	9,075
Durable goods	5,592	5,615	5,616	5,577
Nondurable goods	3,511	3,490	3,494	3,498
Private service-providing	91,883	93,291	93,470	93,517
Trade, transportation, and utilities	24,276	24,313	24,361	24,357
Wholesale trade	4,784.3	4,786.4	4,798.1	4,799.1
Retail trade	13,182.8	13,236.1	13,266.0	13,262.3
Transportation and warehousing	5,865.4	5,846.6	5,851.2	5,847.3
Utilities	443.2	443.9	445.6	448.5
Information	2,473	2,426	2,427	2,433
Financial activities	6,846	6,853	6,863	6,871
Professional and business services	18,159	18,177	18,174	18,152
Private education and health services	21,431	22,196	22,287	22,365
Leisure and hospitality	14,017	14,522	14,556	14,538
Other services	4,681	4,804	4,802	4,801
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry	Oct. 2022	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023(p)	Oct. 2023(p)
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private	34.0	33.8	33.8	33.7
Goods-producing	40.8	40.6	40.6	40.6
Mining and logging	48.0	47.8	47.9	47.9
Construction	39.8	39.7	39.7	39.8
Manufacturing	41.0	40.8	40.7	40.7
Durable goods	41.4	41.0	40.9	41.0
Nondurable goods	40.3	40.3	40.4	40.3
Private service-providing	32.9	32.7	32.7	32.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities	34.1	34.0	34.0	33.9
Wholesale trade	38.9	38.8	38.9	38.6
Retail trade	30.5	30.4	30.5	30.3
Transportation and warehousing	37.8	37.6	37.5	37.6
Utilities	42.4	42.3	42.2	42.2
Information	36.2	36.0	36.0	36.1
Financial activities	37.2	37.0	36.9	36.6
Professional and business services	36.4	36.3	36.2	36.1
Private education and health services	32.6	32.5	32.4	32.5
Leisure and hospitality	24.5	24.1	24.4	24.2
Other services	31.3	31.2	31.4	31.2
AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing	3.9	3.6	3.6	3.5
Durable goods	4.1	3.7	3.7	3.6
Nondurable goods	3.5	3.5	3.4	3.4
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry	Average hourly earnings				Average weekly earnings
	Oct. 2022	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023(p)	Oct. 2023(p)	Oct. 2022	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023(p)	Oct. 2023(p)
Total private	$27.96	$29.00	$29.09	$29.19	$950.64	$980.20	$983.24	$983.70
Goods-producing	28.41	29.74	29.87	29.95	1,159.13	1,207.44	1,212.72	1,215.97
Mining and logging	32.94	34.01	35.09	34.72	1,581.12	1,625.68	1,680.81	1,663.09
Construction	32.88	34.45	34.51	34.64	1,308.62	1,367.67	1,370.05	1,378.67
Manufacturing	25.38	26.50	26.63	26.68	1,040.58	1,081.20	1,083.84	1,085.88
Durable goods	26.58	27.62	27.79	27.92	1,100.41	1,132.42	1,136.61	1,144.72
Nondurable goods	23.42	24.68	24.73	24.67	943.83	994.60	999.09	994.20
Private service-providing	27.87	28.85	28.92	29.03	916.92	943.40	945.68	946.38
Trade, transportation, and utilities	24.41	25.37	25.42	25.48	832.38	862.58	864.28	863.77
Wholesale trade	29.74	30.65	30.62	30.68	1,156.89	1,189.22	1,191.12	1,184.25
Retail trade	19.97	20.58	20.63	20.62	609.09	625.63	629.22	624.79
Transportation and warehousing	26.41	28.04	28.17	28.31	998.30	1,054.30	1,056.38	1,064.46
Utilities	42.93	44.44	44.60	44.84	1,820.23	1,879.81	1,882.12	1,892.25
Information	38.58	39.62	39.70	39.21	1,396.60	1,426.32	1,429.20	1,415.48
Financial activities	32.65	34.07	34.30	34.55	1,214.58	1,260.59	1,265.67	1,264.53
Professional and business services	32.92	34.34	34.42	34.54	1,198.29	1,246.54	1,246.00	1,246.89
Private education and health services	29.43	30.13	30.31	30.42	959.42	979.23	982.04	988.65
Leisure and hospitality	18.18	18.86	18.89	19.00	445.41	454.53	460.92	459.80
Other services	25.14	25.92	25.96	26.09	786.88	808.70	815.14	814.01
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1) [2002=100]

Industry	Index of aggregate weekly hours(2)					Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(3)
	Oct. 2022	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023(p)	Oct. 2023(p)	Percent change from: Sept. 2023 - Oct. 2023(p)	Oct. 2022	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023(p)	Oct. 2023(p)	Percent change from: Sept. 2023 - Oct. 2023(p)
Total private	121.5	122.5	122.7	122.4	-0.2	227.0	237.4	238.6	238.7	0.0
Goods-producing	95.7	96.0	96.0	95.9	-0.1	166.5	174.8	175.7	175.8	0.1
Mining and logging	117.3	126.0	127.0	127.0	0.0	224.8	249.2	259.2	256.5	-1.0
Construction	115.3	116.7	116.7	117.1	0.3	204.7	217.1	217.5	219.1	0.7
Manufacturing	85.7	85.3	85.1	84.8	-0.4	142.2	147.8	148.2	147.9	-0.2
Durable goods	87.0	86.5	86.3	85.9	-0.5	144.3	149.1	149.7	149.7	0.0
Nondurable goods	83.4	82.9	83.2	83.1	-0.1	138.0	144.5	145.3	144.8	-0.3
Private service-providing	128.8	130.0	130.2	129.9	-0.2	246.2	257.2	258.3	258.6	0.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	115.9	115.7	115.9	115.6	-0.3	202.2	209.8	210.6	210.5	0.0
Wholesale trade	110.5	110.2	110.8	109.9	-0.8	193.9	199.4	200.2	199.1	-0.5
Retail trade	101.9	102.0	102.6	101.9	-0.7	174.6	180.0	181.5	180.1	-0.8
Transportation and warehousing	167.8	166.4	166.1	166.4	0.2	282.1	296.9	297.8	299.8	0.7
Utilities	96.1	96.0	96.2	96.8	0.6	172.2	178.1	179.0	181.2	1.2
Information	102.2	99.7	99.7	100.2	0.5	195.2	195.5	196.0	194.6	-0.7
Financial activities	119.9	119.3	119.2	118.4	-0.7	240.8	250.1	251.5	251.6	0.0
Professional and business services	147.6	147.3	146.9	146.3	-0.4	288.9	300.9	300.7	300.5	-0.1
Private education and health services	149.0	153.8	154.0	155.0	0.6	289.4	305.9	308.0	311.2	1.0
Leisure and hospitality	125.8	128.2	130.1	128.9	-0.9	259.7	274.6	279.1	278.1	-0.4
Other services	102.8	105.1	105.7	105.1	-0.6	188.2	198.5	200.0	199.7	-0.2
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (2) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment. (3) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.