Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, February 1, 2023  USDL-23-0148
Technical information:	(202) 691-5870  •  JoltsInfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact:	        (202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov

                        JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – DECEMBER 2022

The number of job openings increased to 11.0 million on the last business day of December, the U.S. 
Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over the month, the number of hires and total separations 
changed little at 6.2 million and 5.9 million, respectively. Within separations, quits (4.1 million) and 
layoffs and discharges (1.5 million) changed little. This release includes estimates of the number and 
rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by industry, and by 
establishment size class. 
      
Job Openings

On the last business day of December, the number and rate of job openings increased to 11.0 million 
and 6.7 percent, respectively. In December, the largest increases in job openings were in accommodation 
and food services (+409,000), retail trade (+134,000), and construction (+82,000). The number of job 
openings decreased in information (-107,000). (See table 1.)

Hires

In December, the number and rate of hires changed little at 6.2 million and 4.0 percent, respectively. 
Hires changed little in all industries. (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations includes quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are generally 
voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, the quits rate can serve as a measure of 
workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated 
by the employer. Other separations includes separations due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers 
to other locations of the same firm.

In December, the number of total separations changed little at 5.9 million, and the rate remained 
unchanged at 3.8 percent. The number of total separations decreased in transportation, warehousing, and 
utilities (-67,000). (See table 3.)

In December, the number of quits was little changed at 4.1 million, and the rate was unchanged at 2.7 
percent. Quits decreased in transportation, warehousing, and utilities (-69,000) but increased in other 
services (+65,000). (See table 4.)

In December, the number and rate of layoffs and discharges changed little at 1.5 million and 1.0 
percent, respectively. Layoffs and discharges decreased in finance and insurance (-43,000) but increased 
in federal government (+4,000). (See table 5.)

The number of other separations was little changed in December at 336,000. Other separations 
increased in retail trade (+29,000) and in health care and social assistance (+19,000). Other separations 
decreased in state and local government, excluding education (-10,000) and in educational services             
(-6,000). (See table 6.)

Establishment Size Class
In December, the job openings rate increased in establishments with 50 to 249 employees but decreased 
in establishments with 5,000 or more employees. The total separations rate increased in establishments 
with 10 to 49 employees but decreased in establishments with 50 to 249 employees and 250 to 999 
employees. The quits rate increased in establishments with 10 to 49 employees but decreased in 
establishments with 50 to 249 employees and 250 to 999 employees. For a more in-depth description of 
the JOLTS establishment size class estimates, please visit www.bls.gov/jlt/sizeclassmethodology.htm.
____________
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for January 2023 are scheduled to be 
released on Wednesday, March 8, 2023, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
|Upcoming Changes to the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey Data                                      |
|Effective with the release of January 2023 data on March 8, 2023, the Job Openings and Labor Turnover    | 
|Survey (JOLTS) estimates will be revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment     | 
|Statistics employment data and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors. Not seasonally adjusted data and   | 
|seasonally adjusted data from January 2018 forward are subject to revision. In accordance with annual    | 
|practice, additional historical data may be revised as a result of the benchmark process. Also effective | 
|with this release, JOLTS is adopting the 2022 version of the North American Industry Classification      |
|System (NAICS), which has a minimal impact on the published JOLTS data series. For more                  |
|information on the 2022 NAICS, visit www.census.gov/naics.                                               |
|													  |
|Also effective with the release of January data, JOLTS will begin publishing two new tables presenting   | 
|annual average job openings levels and rates. (Annual estimates of levels and rates are published each   | 
|year with January data.) In addition, JOLTS will modify its method for calculating annual estimates for  | 
|hires and separations rates. Annual rates will be computed as annual averages, instead of annual totals, | 
|to make the estimates more helpful for data users and to be consistent with other Bureau of Labor        | 
|Statistics programs.											  |
|													  |
|JOLTS will introduce several changes to the monthly news release tables beginning with the news          | 
|release for January data. Two tables displaying JOLTS data by size class will be added to the news	  | 
|release: one for seasonally adjusted estimates and the other for not seasonally adjusted estimates. JOLTS| 
|will also introduce over-the-month change columns for levels and rates to tables 1 through 6. To	  | 
|accommodate the new tables, tables starting with table 7 will be renumbered.				  |
|													  |		
|Additional information about these changes, including the annual average calculation method and          | 
|sample table shells for all news release tables, is available at www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts-2023-changes.htm. |
|_________________________________________________________________________________________________________|
     

Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category	Job openings			Hires			Total separations
	Dec. 2021	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022(p)	Dec. 2021	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022(p)	Dec. 2021	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022(p)
LEVELS BY INDUSTRY (in thousands)
Total	11,448	10,440	11,012	6,450	6,034	6,165	6,042	5,831	5,890
Total private	10,343	9,380	9,931	6,062	5,612	5,741	5,648	5,459	5,501
Mining and logging	34	38	41	20	22	23	17	19	20
Construction	359	331	413	361	323	357	329	293	324
Manufacturing	746	803	764	457	405	405	434	400	386
Durable goods	422	502	473	258	217	233	244	216	203
Nondurable goods	324	301	291	199	188	172	190	185	183
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,942	1,571	1,746	1,377	1,251	1,281	1,330	1,276	1,277
Wholesale trade	295	211	284	170	169	171	142	155	160
Retail trade	1,036	883	1,017	901	729	774	916	735	798
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	611	476	445	306	353	336	272	386	319
Information	232	216	109	111	119	97	112	92	87
Financial activities	470	568	581	229	233	195	206	234	190
Finance and insurance	355	389	424	145	152	121	135	161	129
Real estate and rental and leasing	115	179	157	84	80	74	70	73	61
Professional and business services	2,021	1,952	1,956	1,212	1,110	1,129	1,150	1,143	1,128
Education and health services	2,187	2,099	2,119	846	852	916	800	792	836
Educational services	217	161	187	102	96	96	84	84	92
Health care and social assistance	1,970	1,938	1,932	744	756	820	716	708	744
Leisure and hospitality	1,990	1,505	1,935	1,192	1,093	1,100	1,029	1,037	1,044
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	205	172	192	165	158	163	123	148	135
Accommodation and food services	1,785	1,334	1,743	1,027	935	937	906	889	909
Other services	362	298	266	256	204	239	241	173	209
Government	1,105	1,060	1,080	388	422	423	395	372	390
Federal	167	137	152	45	40	47	57	40	45
State and local	938	923	928	344	381	376	338	332	345
State and local education	361	353	353	183	189	181	174	157	166
State and local, excluding education	577	570	575	161	193	195	163	175	179
RATES BY INDUSTRY (percent)
Total	7.1	6.4	6.7	4.3	3.9	4.0	4.1	3.8	3.8
Total private	7.5	6.7	7.0	4.8	4.3	4.4	4.4	4.2	4.2
Mining and logging	5.5	5.7	6.0	3.5	3.4	3.5	2.9	2.9	3.0
Construction	4.6	4.1	5.0	4.8	4.2	4.6	4.4	3.8	4.2
Manufacturing	5.6	5.8	5.6	3.6	3.1	3.1	3.5	3.1	3.0
Durable goods	5.1	5.9	5.5	3.3	2.7	2.9	3.1	2.7	2.5
Nondurable goods	6.4	5.8	5.7	4.2	3.8	3.5	4.0	3.8	3.8
Trade, transportation, and utilities	6.4	5.2	5.7	4.9	4.4	4.5	4.7	4.4	4.4
Wholesale trade	4.9	3.4	4.6	3.0	2.9	2.9	2.5	2.6	2.7
Retail trade	6.2	5.3	6.1	5.8	4.6	4.9	5.9	4.7	5.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	8.2	6.4	6.0	4.5	5.0	4.8	4.0	5.5	4.5
Information	7.4	6.6	3.4	3.8	3.9	3.2	3.8	3.0	2.8
Financial activities	5.0	5.9	6.1	2.6	2.6	2.2	2.3	2.6	2.1
Finance and insurance	5.1	5.5	6.0	2.2	2.3	1.8	2.1	2.4	1.9
Real estate and rental and leasing	4.8	7.0	6.2	3.6	3.4	3.1	3.0	3.1	2.5
Professional and business services	8.5	8.0	8.0	5.6	4.9	5.0	5.3	5.1	5.0
Education and health services	8.4	7.8	7.8	3.5	3.4	3.7	3.3	3.2	3.4
Educational services	5.5	4.0	4.6	2.8	2.5	2.5	2.3	2.2	2.4
Health care and social assistance	8.9	8.5	8.4	3.7	3.6	3.9	3.5	3.4	3.5
Leisure and hospitality	11.7	8.6	10.8	7.9	6.8	6.9	6.8	6.5	6.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	8.6	6.9	7.5	7.5	6.8	6.9	5.6	6.4	5.7
Accommodation and food services	12.2	8.9	11.3	8.0	6.9	6.9	7.0	6.5	6.6
Other services	6.1	4.9	4.4	4.6	3.5	4.1	4.3	3.0	3.6
Government	4.8	4.5	4.6	1.8	1.9	1.9	1.8	1.7	1.7
Federal	5.5	4.6	5.0	1.6	1.4	1.6	2.0	1.4	1.5
State and local	4.6	4.5	4.5	1.8	1.9	1.9	1.8	1.7	1.8
State and local education	3.4	3.3	3.3	1.8	1.8	1.7	1.7	1.5	1.6
State and local, excluding education	6.0	5.9	5.9	1.8	2.1	2.1	1.8	1.9	2.0
Footnotes (p) Preliminary

Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The JOLTS 
program provides information on labor demand and turnover. Additional information about the JOLTS program can 
be found at www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, 
other separations, and total separations. The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments, as well as 
federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Industries are classified in 
accordance with the North American Industry Classification System.

Definitions

Employment.  Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay period that 
includes the 12th day of the reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, seasonal, salaried, and 
hourly employees are included, as are employees on paid vacation or other paid leave. Proprietors or partners of 
unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, or employees on strike for the entire pay period, and employees 
on leave without pay for the entire pay period are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help agencies, 
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and consultants are counted by their employer of record, not by 
the establishment where they are working.

Job Openings.  Job openings include all positions that are open on the last business day of the reference month. 

A job is open only if it meets all three of these conditions: 
* A specific position exists and there is work available for that position. The position can be full-time or part-
time, and it can be permanent, short-term, or seasonal. 
* The job could start within 30 days, whether or not the employer can find a suitable candidate during that time. 
* The employer is actively recruiting workers from outside the establishment to fill the position. Active 
recruiting means that the establishment is taking steps to fill a position. It may include advertising in 
newspapers, on television, or on the radio; posting Internet notices, posting “help wanted” signs, 
networking or making “word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting applications; interviewing candidates; 
contacting employment agencies; or soliciting employees at job fairs, state or local employment offices, or 
similar sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from layoffs. Also 
excluded are openings for positions with start dates more than 30 days in the future, positions for which employees 
have been hired but the employees have not yet reported for work, and positions to be filled by employees of 
temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is 
computed by dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and job openings and multiplying that 
quotient by 100.

Hires.  Hires include all additions to the payroll during the entire reference month, including newly hired and 
rehired employees; full-time and part-time employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal employees; employees 
who were recalled to a job at the location following a layoff (formal suspension from pay status) lasting more than 7 
days; on-call or intermittent employees who returned to work after having been formally separated; workers who 
were hired and separated during the month, and transfers from other locations. Excluded are transfers or promotions 
within the reporting location, employees returning from strike, employees of temporary help agencies, employee 
leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is computed by dividing the number of hires by 
employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Separations.  Separations include all separations from the payroll during the entire reference month and is 
reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits include employees who 
left voluntarily with the exception of retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs and discharges includes 
involuntary separations initiated by the employer including layoffs with no intent to rehire; layoffs (formal 
suspensions from pay status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; discharges resulting from mergers, 
downsizing, or closings; firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 
and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or not they are expected to return the next season). Other 
separations include retirements, transfers to other locations, separations due to employee disability; and deaths. 
Excluded from separations are transfers within the same location; employees on strike; employees of temporary help 
agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The separations rate is computed by 
dividing the number of separations by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, layoffs and 
discharges, and other separations rates are computed similarly.

Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random sample of 20,700 nonfarm business and government 
establishments. The sample is stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment size class. The 
establishments are drawn from a universe of over 9.4 million establishments compiled by the Quarterly Census of 
Employment and Wages (QCEW) program which includes all employers subject to state unemployment insurance 
laws and federal agencies subject to the Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees program.

Employment estimates are benchmarked, or ratio adjusted, monthly to the strike-adjusted employment estimates 
of the Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment is used to adjust the 
levels for all other JOLTS data elements.

Birth/death model.  The time lag from the start up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance on the 
sampling frame is approximately one year. Also within the first year, new businesses may go out of business, 
referred to as a death. Because not all births and deaths of establishments can be reflected on the sampling frame 
immediately, the JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and separations from them during their early 
existence. BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses establishment birth and death activity from previous 
years. The estimates of job openings, hires, and separations produced by the birth/death model are added to the 
sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the estimates for job openings, hires, and separations.

Alignment.  The JOLTS figure for hires minus separations can be used to derive a measure of net employment 
change. This change should be comparable to the net employment change from the much larger CES survey. 
However, definitional differences as well as sampling and non- sampling errors between the two surveys historically 
caused JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the divergence, and improve the quality of the JOLTS hires 
and separations series, BLS implemented the monthly alignment method. There are four steps to this method: 
seasonally adjust, align, back out the seasonal adjustment factors, and re-seasonally adjust.

Seasonal adjustment.  BLS uses X-13 ARIMA for seasonal adjustment. A concurrent seasonal adjustment 
methodology is used in which new seasonal adjustment factors are calculated each month, using all relevant data, up 
to and including current month data. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both additive and multiplicative models 
and REGARIMA (regression with auto-correlated errors) modeling to improve the seasonal adjustment factors at the 
beginning and end of the series and to detect and adjust for outliers in the series. The seasonally adjusted CES 
employment trends are applied to the seasonally adjusted JOLTS implied employment trends (hires minus 
separations) forcing them to be approximately the same, while preserving the seasonality of the JOLTS data. 

Annual estimates.  The JOLTS estimates are revised annually to reflect annual updates to the CES employment 
estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors. The JOLTS employment levels (not published) are ratio-
adjusted to the CES employment levels, and the resulting ratios are applied to all JOLTS data elements. The 
seasonally adjusted data are recalculated for the most recent 5 years in order to reflect updated seasonal adjustment 
factors. These annual updates result in revisions to both the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted JOLTS 
data series, for the period since the last benchmark was established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of the 
12 published monthly levels. Annual rates are computed by dividing the annual level by the Current Employment 
Statistics (CES) annual average employment level, and multiplying that quotient by 100. This figure will be 
approximately equal to the sum of the 12 monthly rates. Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates are 
published only for not seasonally adjusted data and are released with the January news release each year. Annual 
estimates are not calculated for job openings because job openings are a stock, or point-in-time, measurement for the 
last business day of each month.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. Nonsampling error occurs when a sample 
is surveyed rather than the entire population. There is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true 
population values they represent. The difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample 
selected. This variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. BLS analysis is generally conducted at 
the 90-percent level of confidence. That means that there is a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an 
estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of 
sampling error. Sampling error estimates are available at www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

The JOLTS estimates also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons 
including: the failure to include a segment of the population; the inability to obtain data from all units in the sample; 
the inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a timely basis; mistakes made by respondents; errors 
made in the collection or processing of the data; and errors from the employment benchmark data used in estimation.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications relay 
services.

Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Dec. 2021	Aug. 2022	Sept. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022(p)	Dec. 2021	Aug. 2022	Sept. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022(p)
Total	11,448	10,280	10,687	10,512	10,440	11,012	7.1	6.3	6.5	6.4	6.4	6.7
INDUSTRY
Total private	10,343	9,240	9,627	9,528	9,380	9,931	7.5	6.6	6.9	6.8	6.7	7.0
Mining and logging	34	24	29	46	38	41	5.5	3.7	4.4	6.8	5.7	6.0
Construction	359	386	423	390	331	413	4.6	4.8	5.2	4.8	4.1	5.0
Manufacturing	746	846	835	722	803	764	5.6	6.2	6.1	5.3	5.8	5.6
Durable goods	422	514	490	480	502	473	5.1	6.0	5.8	5.6	5.9	5.5
Nondurable goods	324	332	346	242	301	291	6.4	6.4	6.6	4.7	5.8	5.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,942	1,576	1,620	1,647	1,571	1,746	6.4	5.2	5.3	5.4	5.2	5.7
Wholesale trade	295	342	243	285	211	284	4.9	5.5	4.0	4.6	3.4	4.6
Retail trade	1,036	792	855	850	883	1,017	6.2	4.8	5.1	5.1	5.3	6.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	611	442	521	512	476	445	8.2	5.9	6.9	6.8	6.4	6.0
Information	232	201	218	221	216	109	7.4	6.2	6.7	6.8	6.6	3.4
Financial activities	470	557	472	604	568	581	5.0	5.8	5.0	6.3	5.9	6.1
Finance and insurance	355	363	282	419	389	424	5.1	5.2	4.1	6.0	5.5	6.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	115	194	190	185	179	157	4.8	7.6	7.4	7.3	7.0	6.2
Professional and business services	2,021	1,812	1,940	1,814	1,952	1,956	8.5	7.5	8.0	7.5	8.0	8.0
Education and health services	2,187	2,168	2,277	2,159	2,099	2,119	8.4	8.1	8.5	8.0	7.8	7.8
Educational services	217	187	194	159	161	187	5.5	4.6	4.8	4.0	4.0	4.6
Health care and social assistance	1,970	1,981	2,083	1,999	1,938	1,932	8.9	8.7	9.1	8.7	8.5	8.4
Leisure and hospitality	1,990	1,397	1,578	1,637	1,505	1,935	11.7	8.1	9.1	9.3	8.6	10.8
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	205	193	213	209	172	192	8.6	7.7	8.4	8.2	6.9	7.5
Accommodation and food services	1,785	1,204	1,365	1,428	1,334	1,743	12.2	8.2	9.2	9.5	8.9	11.3
Other services	362	274	234	289	298	266	6.1	4.6	3.9	4.8	4.9	4.4
Government	1,105	1,040	1,060	984	1,060	1,080	4.8	4.5	4.5	4.2	4.5	4.6
Federal	167	139	181	120	137	152	5.5	4.6	5.9	4.0	4.6	5.0
State and local	938	900	880	864	923	928	4.6	4.4	4.3	4.2	4.5	4.5
State and local education	361	331	307	327	353	353	3.4	3.1	2.9	3.1	3.3	3.3
State and local, excluding education	577	569	573	537	570	575	6.0	5.9	5.9	5.6	5.9	5.9
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,923	1,634	1,670	1,661	1,555	1,653	6.8	5.7	5.8	5.7	5.4	5.7
South	4,330	4,092	4,227	4,150	4,187	4,306	7.2	6.7	6.9	6.8	6.8	7.0
Midwest	2,530	2,175	2,342	2,177	2,207	2,504	7.3	6.2	6.6	6.1	6.2	7.0
West	2,664	2,379	2,448	2,524	2,491	2,549	7.1	6.3	6.4	6.6	6.5	6.6
Footnotes (1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Dec. 2021	Aug. 2022	Sept. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022(p)	Dec. 2021	Aug. 2022	Sept. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022(p)
Total	6,450	6,334	6,096	6,111	6,034	6,165	4.3	4.1	4.0	4.0	3.9	4.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	6,062	5,919	5,716	5,719	5,612	5,741	4.8	4.5	4.4	4.4	4.3	4.4
Mining and logging	20	20	22	21	22	23	3.5	3.3	3.5	3.3	3.4	3.5
Construction	361	349	359	337	323	357	4.8	4.5	4.7	4.4	4.2	4.6
Manufacturing	457	461	401	434	405	405	3.6	3.6	3.1	3.4	3.1	3.1
Durable goods	258	267	219	230	217	233	3.3	3.3	2.7	2.9	2.7	2.9
Nondurable goods	199	194	183	204	188	172	4.2	4.0	3.7	4.2	3.8	3.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,377	1,303	1,236	1,252	1,251	1,281	4.9	4.5	4.3	4.4	4.4	4.5
Wholesale trade	170	164	158	159	169	171	3.0	2.8	2.7	2.7	2.9	2.9
Retail trade	901	794	756	748	729	774	5.8	5.0	4.8	4.7	4.6	4.9
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	306	345	322	345	353	336	4.5	4.9	4.6	4.9	5.0	4.8
Information	111	106	102	100	119	97	3.8	3.5	3.4	3.3	3.9	3.2
Financial activities	229	233	234	210	233	195	2.6	2.6	2.6	2.3	2.6	2.2
Finance and insurance	145	158	148	136	152	121	2.2	2.4	2.2	2.1	2.3	1.8
Real estate and rental and leasing	84	75	86	74	80	74	3.6	3.2	3.6	3.1	3.4	3.1
Professional and business services	1,212	1,192	1,137	1,159	1,110	1,129	5.6	5.3	5.1	5.2	4.9	5.0
Education and health services	846	878	840	801	852	916	3.5	3.6	3.4	3.2	3.4	3.7
Educational services	102	105	96	97	96	96	2.8	2.7	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5
Health care and social assistance	744	773	745	704	756	820	3.7	3.7	3.6	3.4	3.6	3.9
Leisure and hospitality	1,192	1,132	1,140	1,178	1,093	1,100	7.9	7.2	7.2	7.4	6.8	6.9
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	165	156	158	151	158	163	7.5	6.8	6.8	6.5	6.8	6.9
Accommodation and food services	1,027	976	982	1,027	935	937	8.0	7.3	7.3	7.6	6.9	6.9
Other services	256	244	244	227	204	239	4.6	4.3	4.3	4.0	3.5	4.1
Government	388	415	380	391	422	423	1.8	1.9	1.7	1.7	1.9	1.9
Federal	45	38	43	43	40	47	1.6	1.3	1.5	1.5	1.4	1.6
State and local	344	377	337	348	381	376	1.8	1.9	1.7	1.8	1.9	1.9
State and local education	183	185	156	177	189	181	1.8	1.8	1.5	1.7	1.8	1.7
State and local, excluding education	161	191	181	171	193	195	1.8	2.1	2.0	1.9	2.1	2.1
REGION(3)
Northeast	999	898	893	859	875	870	3.8	3.3	3.3	3.1	3.2	3.2
South	2,650	2,618	2,547	2,536	2,542	2,564	4.8	4.6	4.5	4.4	4.4	4.5
Midwest	1,396	1,397	1,268	1,286	1,281	1,433	4.3	4.2	3.8	3.9	3.8	4.3
West	1,406	1,422	1,388	1,430	1,336	1,298	4.0	4.0	3.9	4.0	3.7	3.6
Footnotes (1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Dec. 2021	Aug. 2022	Sept. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022(p)	Dec. 2021	Aug. 2022	Sept. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022(p)
Total	6,042	6,058	5,665	5,756	5,831	5,890	4.1	4.0	3.7	3.8	3.8	3.8
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,648	5,692	5,270	5,385	5,459	5,501	4.4	4.4	4.0	4.1	4.2	4.2
Mining and logging	17	21	20	18	19	20	2.9	3.3	3.1	2.9	2.9	3.0
Construction	329	338	343	318	293	324	4.4	4.4	4.4	4.1	3.8	4.2
Manufacturing	434	417	374	388	400	386	3.5	3.2	2.9	3.0	3.1	3.0
Durable goods	244	231	203	200	216	203	3.1	2.9	2.5	2.5	2.7	2.5
Nondurable goods	190	186	170	187	185	183	4.0	3.8	3.5	3.8	3.8	3.8
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,330	1,319	1,212	1,221	1,276	1,277	4.7	4.6	4.2	4.2	4.4	4.4
Wholesale trade	142	152	136	147	155	160	2.5	2.6	2.3	2.5	2.6	2.7
Retail trade	916	803	752	769	735	798	5.9	5.1	4.8	4.9	4.7	5.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	272	364	324	305	386	319	4.0	5.1	4.6	4.3	5.5	4.5
Information	112	99	93	78	92	87	3.8	3.3	3.0	2.6	3.0	2.8
Financial activities	206	238	225	208	234	190	2.3	2.7	2.5	2.3	2.6	2.1
Finance and insurance	135	159	145	134	161	129	2.1	2.4	2.2	2.0	2.4	1.9
Real estate and rental and leasing	70	79	80	74	73	61	3.0	3.3	3.4	3.1	3.1	2.5
Professional and business services	1,150	1,115	1,043	1,108	1,143	1,128	5.3	5.0	4.6	4.9	5.1	5.0
Education and health services	800	777	737	733	792	836	3.3	3.2	3.0	3.0	3.2	3.4
Educational services	84	80	87	90	84	92	2.3	2.1	2.3	2.3	2.2	2.4
Health care and social assistance	716	696	650	643	708	744	3.5	3.4	3.1	3.1	3.4	3.5
Leisure and hospitality	1,029	1,144	1,032	1,086	1,037	1,044	6.8	7.3	6.5	6.8	6.5	6.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	123	159	145	143	148	135	5.6	6.9	6.2	6.1	6.4	5.7
Accommodation and food services	906	986	887	943	889	909	7.0	7.3	6.6	6.9	6.5	6.6
Other services	241	224	193	228	173	209	4.3	3.9	3.4	4.0	3.0	3.6
Government	395	365	395	371	372	390	1.8	1.6	1.8	1.7	1.7	1.7
Federal	57	40	43	40	40	45	2.0	1.4	1.5	1.4	1.4	1.5
State and local	338	325	352	331	332	345	1.8	1.7	1.8	1.7	1.7	1.8
State and local education	174	159	169	167	157	166	1.7	1.5	1.6	1.6	1.5	1.6
State and local, excluding education	163	166	183	164	175	179	1.8	1.8	2.0	1.8	1.9	2.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	815	879	789	781	773	849	3.1	3.2	2.9	2.9	2.8	3.1
South	2,507	2,645	2,346	2,454	2,374	2,362	4.5	4.7	4.1	4.3	4.2	4.1
Midwest	1,341	1,168	1,270	1,233	1,239	1,281	4.1	3.5	3.8	3.7	3.7	3.8
West	1,380	1,366	1,259	1,288	1,445	1,398	4.0	3.8	3.5	3.6	4.0	3.9
Footnotes (1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Dec. 2021	Aug. 2022	Sept. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022(p)	Dec. 2021	Aug. 2022	Sept. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022(p)
Total	4,403	4,184	4,060	4,047	4,102	4,087	3.0	2.7	2.7	2.6	2.7	2.7
INDUSTRY
Total private	4,164	3,965	3,819	3,817	3,879	3,851	3.3	3.0	2.9	2.9	3.0	2.9
Mining and logging	13	14	14	13	12	12	2.1	2.2	2.1	2.1	1.9	1.9
Construction	185	208	158	158	138	158	2.5	2.7	2.0	2.0	1.8	2.0
Manufacturing	322	286	250	271	269	258	2.6	2.2	1.9	2.1	2.1	2.0
Durable goods	180	159	135	141	143	130	2.3	2.0	1.7	1.8	1.8	1.6
Nondurable goods	141	127	115	130	126	128	3.0	2.6	2.4	2.7	2.6	2.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,082	940	908	918	992	922	3.8	3.3	3.2	3.2	3.5	3.2
Wholesale trade	113	96	101	98	101	97	2.0	1.6	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.6
Retail trade	786	591	588	617	614	617	5.0	3.7	3.7	3.9	3.9	3.9
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	183	254	219	203	277	208	2.7	3.6	3.1	2.9	3.9	3.0
Information	61	56	57	27	42	42	2.1	1.8	1.9	0.9	1.4	1.4
Financial activities	130	149	156	142	136	133	1.5	1.7	1.7	1.6	1.5	1.5
Finance and insurance	81	96	95	92	87	88	1.2	1.5	1.4	1.4	1.3	1.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	49	53	60	49	49	45	2.1	2.2	2.5	2.1	2.1	1.9
Professional and business services	760	671	707	709	721	700	3.5	3.0	3.1	3.2	3.2	3.1
Education and health services	597	580	558	573	619	630	2.5	2.4	2.3	2.3	2.5	2.5
Educational services	57	53	53	55	51	56	1.5	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.3	1.4
Health care and social assistance	540	527	505	518	568	575	2.7	2.5	2.4	2.5	2.7	2.7
Leisure and hospitality	856	912	856	855	839	819	5.7	5.8	5.4	5.4	5.3	5.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	81	75	80	70	79	74	3.7	3.3	3.4	3.0	3.4	3.1
Accommodation and food services	776	837	776	784	760	745	6.0	6.2	5.7	5.8	5.6	5.4
Other services	159	150	155	151	111	176	2.8	2.6	2.7	2.6	1.9	3.0
Government	238	219	241	230	224	236	1.1	1.0	1.1	1.0	1.0	1.1
Federal	23	22	21	19	19	20	0.8	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7
State and local	215	196	220	211	205	217	1.1	1.0	1.1	1.1	1.0	1.1
State and local education	108	99	107	106	99	103	1.1	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
State and local, excluding education	107	97	113	105	105	113	1.2	1.1	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	601	588	539	512	512	546	2.3	2.2	2.0	1.9	1.9	2.0
South	1,820	1,890	1,734	1,815	1,757	1,718	3.3	3.3	3.0	3.2	3.1	3.0
Midwest	998	800	899	838	853	856	3.1	2.4	2.7	2.5	2.6	2.6
West	985	907	888	883	980	967	2.8	2.6	2.5	2.5	2.7	2.7
Footnotes (1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Dec. 2021	Aug. 2022	Sept. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022(p)	Dec. 2021	Aug. 2022	Sept. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022(p)
Total	1,262	1,490	1,329	1,445	1,418	1,468	0.8	1.0	0.9	0.9	0.9	1.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,183	1,405	1,247	1,372	1,344	1,378	0.9	1.1	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Mining and logging	4	5	5	5	6	6	0.7	0.8	0.8	0.7	0.9	0.9
Construction	133	120	173	151	141	153	1.8	1.6	2.2	2.0	1.8	2.0
Manufacturing	90	97	92	97	103	105	0.7	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.8
Durable goods	49	51	46	47	57	58	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.7
Nondurable goods	41	46	46	50	47	46	0.9	1.0	0.9	1.0	1.0	0.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities	192	301	253	260	241	273	0.7	1.0	0.9	0.9	0.8	0.9
Wholesale trade	20	42	24	39	44	50	0.3	0.7	0.4	0.7	0.7	0.8
Retail trade	102	174	149	131	100	131	0.7	1.1	0.9	0.8	0.6	0.8
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	70	85	80	90	97	92	1.0	1.2	1.1	1.3	1.4	1.3
Information	38	38	31	45	41	38	1.3	1.3	1.0	1.5	1.3	1.2
Financial activities	44	58	52	59	83	34	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.9	0.4
Finance and insurance	24	35	37	38	63	20	0.4	0.5	0.6	0.6	1.0	0.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	19	23	16	21	20	14	0.8	1.0	0.7	0.9	0.8	0.6
Professional and business services	306	370	293	347	353	373	1.4	1.6	1.3	1.5	1.6	1.7
Education and health services	166	148	161	135	145	165	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.5	0.6	0.7
Educational services	20	23	30	28	22	32	0.5	0.6	0.8	0.7	0.6	0.8
Health care and social assistance	147	124	131	107	122	132	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.6
Leisure and hospitality	141	205	157	205	174	206	0.9	1.3	1.0	1.3	1.1	1.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	37	81	63	71	68	57	1.7	3.5	2.7	3.1	2.9	2.4
Accommodation and food services	104	124	94	133	107	149	0.8	0.9	0.7	1.0	0.8	1.1
Other services	69	64	30	68	57	25	1.2	1.1	0.5	1.2	1.0	0.4
Government	79	85	82	73	73	90	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.4
Federal	19	7	9	7	7	11	0.7	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.4
State and local	60	78	73	66	66	79	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.4
State and local education	33	35	36	33	26	35	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
State and local, excluding education	26	43	38	33	40	44	0.3	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.5
REGION(3)
Northeast	156	222	209	236	210	240	0.6	0.8	0.8	0.9	0.8	0.9
South	550	598	499	552	514	525	1.0	1.1	0.9	1.0	0.9	0.9
Midwest	271	301	318	326	326	365	0.8	0.9	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.1
West	286	369	303	331	367	338	0.8	1.0	0.9	0.9	1.0	0.9
Footnotes (1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Dec. 2021	Aug. 2022	Sept. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022(p)	Dec. 2021	Aug. 2022	Sept. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022(p)
Total	377	383	276	264	311	336	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	300	322	204	197	236	272	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mining and logging	1	2	1	1	1	2	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.3
Construction	12	11	12	8	13	13	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2
Manufacturing	22	34	31	20	28	23	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Durable goods	15	21	22	12	16	15	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nondurable goods	7	13	9	8	12	8	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	56	78	51	42	43	83	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.3
Wholesale trade	9	14	11	9	9	14	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Retail trade	28	38	15	21	21	50	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	19	26	25	12	13	19	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.2	0.2	0.3
Information	13	5	5	6	10	6	0.4	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2
Financial activities	32	31	17	7	14	22	0.4	0.4	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2
Finance and insurance	30	28	13	4	10	21	0.5	0.4	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	2	3	4	3	4	1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1
Professional and business services	83	75	42	52	70	54	0.4	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2
Education and health services	37	49	19	25	29	41	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2
Educational services	8	4	4	7	10	4	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.1
Health care and social assistance	29	45	14	18	18	37	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2
Leisure and hospitality	31	28	18	26	23	19	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	5	3	2	1	2	4	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.1	0.2
Accommodation and food services	26	25	17	25	22	15	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.1
Other services	13	10	9	9	4	9	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2
Government	77	61	72	67	76	63	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Federal	14	11	13	14	14	14	0.5	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
State and local	63	50	59	53	62	49	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2
State and local education	33	25	26	28	31	28	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
State and local, excluding education	30	26	33	25	31	21	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	59	69	41	33	50	63	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2
South	137	157	113	88	102	119	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Midwest	72	67	53	70	60	60	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
West	109	89	69	73	99	93	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3
Footnotes (1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.

Table 7. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Dec. 2021	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022(p)	Dec. 2021	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022(p)
Total	10,353	9,727	9,957	6.4	5.9	6.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	9,313	8,712	8,916	6.8	6.2	6.3
Mining and logging	31	37	38	5.0	5.5	5.5
Construction	301	284	359	3.9	3.5	4.5
Manufacturing	725	795	730	5.5	5.8	5.3
Durable goods	413	499	456	5.0	5.8	5.3
Nondurable goods	313	296	274	6.2	5.7	5.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,755	1,429	1,561	5.7	4.7	5.0
Wholesale trade	256	189	253	4.3	3.1	4.1
Retail trade	916	770	905	5.4	4.6	5.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	583	470	403	7.5	6.1	5.2
Information	242	204	109	7.6	6.2	3.4
Financial activities	448	544	550	4.8	5.7	5.7
Finance and insurance	334	375	407	4.8	5.3	5.8
Real estate and rental and leasing	114	170	143	4.7	6.7	5.6
Professional and business services	1,863	1,799	1,810	7.8	7.3	7.4
Education and health services	2,083	1,989	1,996	8.0	7.3	7.4
Educational services	197	152	170	4.9	3.6	4.1
Health care and social assistance	1,886	1,836	1,826	8.5	8.0	8.0
Leisure and hospitality	1,516	1,357	1,521	9.3	7.9	8.8
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	144	131	141	6.6	5.5	6.0
Accommodation and food services	1,371	1,226	1,380	9.7	8.3	9.2
Other services	350	273	242	5.9	4.5	4.0
Government	1,040	1,016	1,040	4.4	4.2	4.4
Federal	153	136	147	5.0	4.5	4.8
State and local	887	880	893	4.3	4.2	4.3
State and local education	320	322	317	2.9	2.9	2.8
State and local, excluding education	567	558	576	6.0	5.8	6.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,817	1,470	1,563	6.4	5.1	5.4
South	3,899	3,884	3,882	6.5	6.3	6.3
Midwest	2,264	2,083	2,238	6.5	5.8	6.3
West	2,374	2,291	2,274	6.3	6.0	5.9
Footnotes (1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 8. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Dec. 2021	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022(p)	Dec. 2021	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022(p)
Total	4,825	5,568	4,556	3.2	3.6	2.9
INDUSTRY
Total private	4,593	5,230	4,298	3.6	4.0	3.3
Mining and logging	15	18	16	2.5	2.8	2.5
Construction	221	247	217	3.0	3.2	2.8
Manufacturing	315	343	275	2.5	2.7	2.1
Durable goods	179	187	162	2.3	2.3	2.0
Nondurable goods	136	156	113	2.9	3.2	2.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,132	1,568	1,076	3.9	5.4	3.6
Wholesale trade	125	138	128	2.2	2.3	2.2
Retail trade	701	837	622	4.4	5.2	3.8
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	306	593	326	4.2	8.2	4.4
Information	79	113	63	2.7	3.7	2.0
Financial activities	160	211	123	1.8	2.3	1.4
Finance and insurance	103	142	73	1.6	2.1	1.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	57	69	50	2.4	2.9	2.1
Professional and business services	980	1,011	884	4.5	4.5	3.9
Education and health services	640	713	684	2.7	2.8	2.7
Educational services	61	68	46	1.6	1.7	1.2
Health care and social assistance	579	645	638	2.9	3.1	3.0
Leisure and hospitality	870	850	785	5.9	5.4	5.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	95	103	97	4.7	4.6	4.3
Accommodation and food services	775	748	688	6.1	5.5	5.1
Other services	181	156	175	3.2	2.7	3.0
Government	232	338	258	1.0	1.5	1.1
Federal	39	51	44	1.3	1.8	1.5
State and local	193	288	214	1.0	1.4	1.1
State and local education	91	131	90	0.9	1.2	0.8
State and local, excluding education	102	156	124	1.1	1.7	1.4
REGION(3)
Northeast	722	771	616	2.7	2.8	2.2
South	1,995	2,337	1,900	3.6	4.0	3.3
Midwest	1,071	1,209	1,112	3.3	3.6	3.3
West	1,037	1,251	928	3.0	3.5	2.6
Footnotes (1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 9. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Dec. 2021	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022(p)	Dec. 2021	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022(p)
Total	5,645	5,173	5,565	3.8	3.3	3.6
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,311	4,903	5,234	4.2	3.7	4.0
Mining and logging	16	15	19	2.7	2.4	3.0
Construction	350	298	352	4.7	3.8	4.6
Manufacturing	355	329	316	2.8	2.5	2.4
Durable goods	194	169	164	2.5	2.1	2.0
Nondurable goods	160	160	152	3.4	3.3	3.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,303	1,195	1,322	4.5	4.1	4.5
Wholesale trade	122	140	142	2.1	2.4	2.4
Retail trade	869	687	794	5.4	4.3	4.9
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	313	368	386	4.3	5.1	5.2
Information	111	80	90	3.8	2.6	2.9
Financial activities	166	202	145	1.9	2.2	1.6
Finance and insurance	108	138	95	1.6	2.1	1.4
Real estate and rental and leasing	58	65	49	2.5	2.7	2.1
Professional and business services	1,153	1,063	1,129	5.2	4.7	5.0
Education and health services	690	643	735	2.9	2.6	2.9
Educational services	63	51	73	1.7	1.3	1.8
Health care and social assistance	626	592	662	3.1	2.8	3.1
Leisure and hospitality	935	922	933	6.3	5.8	5.9
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	122	174	116	5.9	7.8	5.2
Accommodation and food services	813	748	817	6.4	5.5	6.0
Other services	232	156	194	4.2	2.7	3.4
Government	334	269	331	1.5	1.2	1.5
Federal	65	34	54	2.2	1.2	1.9
State and local	269	235	277	1.4	1.2	1.4
State and local education	126	86	124	1.2	0.8	1.1
State and local, excluding education	143	150	153	1.6	1.6	1.7
REGION(3)
Northeast	789	706	841	3.0	2.6	3.1
South	2,359	2,065	2,192	4.2	3.6	3.8
Midwest	1,244	1,134	1,228	3.8	3.4	3.7
West	1,254	1,269	1,305	3.6	3.5	3.6
Footnotes (1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 10. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Dec. 2021	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022(p)	Dec. 2021	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022(p)
Total	3,826	3,501	3,530	2.5	2.3	2.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,644	3,334	3,350	2.8	2.5	2.5
Mining and logging	10	9	9	1.7	1.5	1.4
Construction	161	103	125	2.2	1.3	1.6
Manufacturing	240	206	190	1.9	1.6	1.5
Durable goods	131	105	92	1.7	1.3	1.1
Nondurable goods	109	102	99	2.3	2.1	2.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,007	922	881	3.5	3.2	3.0
Wholesale trade	93	87	75	1.6	1.5	1.3
Retail trade	707	572	564	4.4	3.6	3.5
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	208	263	241	2.9	3.6	3.3
Information	53	34	36	1.8	1.1	1.2
Financial activities	104	120	98	1.2	1.3	1.1
Finance and insurance	64	72	61	1.0	1.1	0.9
Real estate and rental and leasing	40	48	37	1.7	2.0	1.5
Professional and business services	675	643	601	3.1	2.8	2.7
Education and health services	508	505	549	2.1	2.0	2.2
Educational services	41	33	41	1.1	0.8	1.0
Health care and social assistance	467	471	508	2.3	2.2	2.4
Leisure and hospitality	754	704	714	5.1	4.5	4.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	67	67	61	3.3	3.0	2.7
Accommodation and food services	687	638	653	5.4	4.7	4.8
Other services	131	87	147	2.3	1.5	2.6
Government	182	167	180	0.8	0.7	0.8
Federal	24	17	19	0.8	0.6	0.7
State and local	158	150	161	0.8	0.7	0.8
State and local education	74	62	69	0.7	0.6	0.6
State and local, excluding education	85	88	91	1.0	1.0	1.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	518	433	464	1.9	1.6	1.7
South	1,636	1,513	1,505	2.9	2.6	2.6
Midwest	831	724	722	2.6	2.2	2.2
West	841	831	839	2.4	2.3	2.3
Footnotes (1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 11. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Dec. 2021	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022(p)	Dec. 2021	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022(p)
Total	1,441	1,420	1,700	1.0	0.9	1.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,367	1,366	1,616	1.1	1.0	1.2
Mining and logging	6	5	8	1.0	0.8	1.3
Construction	178	182	215	2.4	2.3	2.8
Manufacturing	89	99	101	0.7	0.8	0.8
Durable goods	45	52	55	0.6	0.6	0.7
Nondurable goods	44	47	46	0.9	1.0	0.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities	244	235	365	0.8	0.8	1.2
Wholesale trade	19	45	51	0.3	0.8	0.9
Retail trade	139	96	188	0.9	0.6	1.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	86	94	126	1.2	1.3	1.7
Information	45	38	48	1.5	1.2	1.6
Financial activities	38	72	29	0.4	0.8	0.3
Finance and insurance	23	58	18	0.3	0.9	0.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	16	14	11	0.7	0.6	0.5
Professional and business services	387	356	471	1.8	1.6	2.1
Education and health services	147	120	147	0.6	0.5	0.6
Educational services	16	13	28	0.4	0.3	0.7
Health care and social assistance	131	107	118	0.6	0.5	0.6
Leisure and hospitality	145	193	197	1.0	1.2	1.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	49	106	50	2.4	4.7	2.2
Accommodation and food services	96	87	147	0.7	0.6	1.1
Other services	87	66	36	1.6	1.1	0.6
Government	74	55	84	0.3	0.2	0.4
Federal	22	6	14	0.8	0.2	0.5
State and local	52	48	70	0.3	0.2	0.4
State and local education	31	11	34	0.3	0.1	0.3
State and local, excluding education	21	37	36	0.2	0.4	0.4
REGION(3)
Northeast	209	235	307	0.8	0.9	1.1
South	593	468	579	1.1	0.8	1.0
Midwest	331	364	441	1.0	1.1	1.3
West	308	354	373	0.9	1.0	1.0
Footnotes (1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 12. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Dec. 2021	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022(p)	Dec. 2021	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022(p)
Total	378	251	335	0.3	0.2	0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	300	203	268	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mining and logging	0	1	2	0.1	0.1	0.3
Construction	11	13	12	0.1	0.2	0.2
Manufacturing	25	24	25	0.2	0.2	0.2
Durable goods	18	12	17	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nondurable goods	8	11	8	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	52	38	76	0.2	0.1	0.3
Wholesale trade	10	8	16	0.2	0.1	0.3
Retail trade	23	19	42	0.1	0.1	0.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	19	11	19	0.3	0.2	0.3
Information	12	8	6	0.4	0.3	0.2
Financial activities	24	10	18	0.3	0.1	0.2
Finance and insurance	22	8	16	0.3	0.1	0.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	2	3	2	0.1	0.1	0.1
Professional and business services	91	63	57	0.4	0.3	0.3
Education and health services	35	19	39	0.1	0.1	0.2
Educational services	7	5	3	0.2	0.1	0.1
Health care and social assistance	28	14	35	0.1	0.1	0.2
Leisure and hospitality	36	24	22	0.2	0.2	0.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	5	2	5	0.2	0.1	0.2
Accommodation and food services	31	22	17	0.2	0.2	0.1
Other services	14	3	10	0.2	0.0	0.2
Government	78	48	68	0.3	0.2	0.3
Federal	20	11	21	0.7	0.4	0.7
State and local	59	37	47	0.3	0.2	0.2
State and local education	22	13	21	0.2	0.1	0.2
State and local, excluding education	37	24	26	0.4	0.3	0.3
REGION(3)
Northeast	61	38	70	0.2	0.1	0.3
South	130	84	108	0.2	0.1	0.2
Midwest	82	46	65	0.3	0.1	0.2
West	104	84	93	0.3	0.2	0.3
Footnotes (1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.