For release 10:00 a.m. (EST) Wednesday, December 7, 2016	USDL-16-2254

Technical information:  (202) 691-5870  •  JoltsInfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact:          (202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov

                         JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – OCTOBER 2016

The number of job openings was little changed at 5.5 million on the last business day of October, the 
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over the month, hires and separations were also little 
changed at 5.1 million and 4.9 million, respectively. Within separations, the quits rate was unchanged at 
2.1 percent and the layoffs and discharges rate was also unchanged at 1.0 percent. This release includes 
estimates of the number and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the nonfarm sector by 
industry and by four geographic regions.

Job Openings

On the last business day of October, there were 5.5 million job openings, little changed from 
September. The job openings rate was 3.7 percent in October. The number of job openings was little 
changed for total private and for government. Job openings increased in health care and social assistance 
(+139,000). Job openings decreased in professional and business services (-187,000), federal 
government (-13,000), and mining and logging (-8,000). The number of job openings was little changed 
in all four regions. (See table 1.)

Hires

The number of hires was essentially unchanged at 5.1 million in October. The hires rate was 3.5 
percent. The number of hires was little changed for total private and for government. Hires decreased in 
state and local government education (-26,000) and was little changed in all other industries. The 
number of hires was little changed in all four regions. (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations includes quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Total separations is 
referred to as turnover. Quits are generally voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, 
the quits rate can serve as a measure of workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and 
discharges are involuntary separations initiated by the employer. Other separations includes separations 
due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers to other locations of the same firm.

There were 4.9 million total separations in October, little changed from September. The total 
separations rate in October was 3.4 percent. The number of total separations was little changed for total 
private and decreased for government (-39,000). Total separations decreased in state and local 
government education (-26,000), information (-20,000), and federal government (-7,000). The number 
of total separations was little changed in all four regions. (See table 3.)

The number of quits was little changed in October at 3.0 million. The quits rate was 2.1 percent. Over 
the month, the number of quits was little changed for total private, and decreased for government
(-26,000). Quits decreased in information (-18,000) and state and local government, excluding education 
(-16,000). The number of quits was little changed in all four regions. (See table 4.)

There were 1.5 million layoffs and discharges in October, essentially unchanged from September. The 
layoffs and discharges rate was unchanged at 1.0 percent in October. The number of layoffs and 
discharges was little changed for total private and for government. The layoffs and discharges level 
increased in health care and social assistance (+46,000) but decreased in state and local education
(-18,000). The number of layoffs and discharges was little changed in all four regions. (See table 5.)

In October, the number of other separations was little changed for total nonfarm, total private, and 
government. Other separations increased in retail trade (+20,000) but decreased in federal government
(-3,000). The number of other separations was little changed in all other industries and in all four 
regions. (See table 6.)

Net Change in Employment

Large numbers of hires and separations occur every month throughout the business cycle. Net 
employment change results from the relationship between hires and separations. When the number of 
hires exceeds the number of separations, employment rises, even if the hires level is steady or declining. 
Conversely, when the number of hires is less than the number of separations, employment declines, even 
if the hires level is steady or rising. Over the 12 months ending in October, hires totaled 62.6 million and 
separations totaled 60.1 million, yielding a net employment gain of 2.5 million. These totals include 
workers who may have been hired and separated more than once during the year.
____________
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey results for November 2016 are scheduled to be 
released on Tuesday, January 10, 2017 at 10:00 a.m. (EST).

Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category	Job openings			Hires			Total separations
	Oct. 2015	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016(p)	Oct. 2015	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016(p)	Oct. 2015	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016(p)
LEVELS BY INDUSTRY (in thousands)
Total	5,422	5,631	5,534	5,212	5,121	5,099	4,912	4,936	4,875
Total private	4,938	5,112	5,022	4,856	4,757	4,752	4,544	4,578	4,557
Mining and logging(1)	19	20	12	32	28	27	34	26	27
Construction(1)	129	221	205	314	314	328	275	296	308
Manufacturing	311	328	322	264	279	271	271	278	273
Durable goods(1)	181	206	190	144	163	156	150	166	157
Nondurable goods(1)	130	122	132	120	116	115	120	112	116
Trade, transportation, and utilities	931	1,020	1,048	1,057	1,097	1,083	1,003	1,039	1,041
Wholesale trade(1)	183	169	174	128	136	132	121	117	121
Retail trade	563	663	677	748	769	742	706	722	732
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(1)	185	188	197	181	193	209	176	199	188
Information(1)	114	97	87	87	80	73	81	89	69
Financial activities	308	355	348	205	170	173	192	163	160
Finance and insurance	242	265	254	136	110	107	123	107	99
Real estate and rental and leasing(1)	67	89	94	70	60	66	69	56	61
Professional and business services	1,149	1,113	926	1,058	1,080	1,020	1,002	1,009	979
Education and health services	1,050	1,072	1,205	644	616	637	558	560	576
Educational services(1)	107	102	96	87	87	80	80	69	67
Health care and social assistance	942	970	1,109	558	528	557	479	491	510
Leisure and hospitality	737	710	700	991	909	963	935	928	961
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	62	67	70	171	119	149	168	147	150
Accommodation and food services	676	642	631	820	790	813	767	781	812
Other services(1)	190	177	168	204	185	177	191	191	163
Government	484	519	512	356	365	347	369	357	318
Federal(1)	61	101	88	40	40	42	44	37	30
State and local	423	419	424	316	325	306	325	320	288
State and local education	153	130	135	152	159	133	166	152	126
State and local, excluding education(1)	270	289	289	165	165	172	160	169	163
RATES BY INDUSTRY (percent)
Total	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.5	3.5	3.4	3.4	3.4
Total private	3.9	4.0	3.9	4.0	3.9	3.9	3.8	3.7	3.7
Mining and logging(1)	2.3	2.8	1.8	4.0	4.2	4.0	4.3	3.9	4.0
Construction(1)	1.9	3.2	3.0	4.8	4.7	4.9	4.2	4.4	4.6
Manufacturing	2.5	2.6	2.6	2.1	2.3	2.2	2.2	2.3	2.2
Durable goods(1)	2.3	2.6	2.4	1.9	2.1	2.0	1.9	2.2	2.1
Nondurable goods(1)	2.8	2.6	2.8	2.6	2.5	2.5	2.6	2.4	2.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities	3.3	3.6	3.7	3.9	4.0	3.9	3.7	3.8	3.8
Wholesale trade(1)	3.0	2.8	2.8	2.2	2.3	2.2	2.1	2.0	2.0
Retail trade	3.5	4.0	4.1	4.8	4.8	4.6	4.5	4.5	4.6
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(1)	3.3	3.3	3.5	3.3	3.5	3.8	3.2	3.6	3.4
Information(1)	4.0	3.4	3.0	3.1	2.9	2.6	2.9	3.2	2.5
Financial activities	3.6	4.1	4.0	2.5	2.0	2.1	2.4	2.0	1.9
Finance and insurance	3.8	4.1	3.9	2.2	1.8	1.7	2.0	1.7	1.6
Real estate and rental and leasing(1)	3.1	4.0	4.2	3.3	2.8	3.1	3.3	2.6	2.8
Professional and business services	5.5	5.2	4.3	5.3	5.3	5.0	5.0	5.0	4.8
Education and health services	4.5	4.5	5.0	2.9	2.7	2.8	2.5	2.5	2.5
Educational services(1)	3.0	2.8	2.6	2.5	2.4	2.2	2.3	1.9	1.9
Health care and social assistance	4.8	4.8	5.4	3.0	2.7	2.9	2.5	2.5	2.6
Leisure and hospitality	4.6	4.4	4.3	6.5	5.8	6.2	6.1	6.0	6.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	2.7	2.9	3.0	7.8	5.3	6.7	7.7	6.6	6.7
Accommodation and food services	4.9	4.6	4.5	6.3	5.9	6.1	5.9	5.9	6.1
Other services(1)	3.3	3.0	2.9	3.6	3.2	3.1	3.4	3.3	2.9
Government	2.1	2.3	2.3	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.6	1.4
Federal(1)	2.2	3.5	3.0	1.5	1.4	1.5	1.6	1.3	1.1
State and local	2.1	2.1	2.1	1.6	1.7	1.6	1.7	1.7	1.5
State and local education	1.5	1.2	1.3	1.5	1.5	1.3	1.6	1.5	1.2
State and local, excluding education(1)	2.9	3.1	3.1	1.8	1.8	1.9	1.8	1.9	1.8
Footnotes (1) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (p) Preliminary

Technical Note


This news release presents statistics from the Job Openings and Labor
Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) collects
and compiles JOLTS data monthly from a sample of nonfarm
establishments. A more detailed discussion of JOLTS concepts and
methodology is available online at www.bls.gov/opub/hom/pdf/homch18.pdf.

Coverage and collection

The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments, as well
as federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 states and
the District of Columbia. Data are collected for total employment, job
openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and
total separations.

Concepts

Industry classification.  The industry classifications in this release
are in accordance with the 2012 version of the North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS).

Employment.  Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or
received pay for the pay period that includes the 12th day of the
reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term,
seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are included, as are
employees on paid vacations or other paid leave. Proprietors or
partners of unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, or
persons on leave without pay or on strike for the entire pay period,
are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help agencies,
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and consultants are
counted by their employer of record, not by the establishment where
they are working.

Job openings.  Job openings information is collected for the last
business day of the reference month. A job opening requires that: 1) a
specific position exists and there is work available for that
position, 2) work could start within 30 days whether or not the
employer found a suitable candidate, and 3) the employer is actively
recruiting from outside the establishment to fill the position.
Included are full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, and seasonal
openings. Active recruiting means that the establishment is taking
steps to fill a position by advertising in newspapers or on the
Internet, posting help-wanted signs, accepting applications, or using
other similar methods.

Jobs to be filled only by internal transfers, promotions, demotions,
or recall from layoffs are excluded. Also excluded are jobs with start
dates more than 30 days in the future, jobs for which employees have
been hired but have not yet reported for work, and jobs to be filled
by employees of temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies,
outside contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is computed
by dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and
job openings and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Hires.  The hires level is the total number of additions to the
payroll occurring at any time during the reference month, including
both new and rehired employees, full-time and part-time, permanent,
short-term and seasonal employees, employees recalled to the location
after a layoff lasting more than 7 days, on-call or intermittent
employees who returned to work after having been formally separated,
and transfers from other locations. The hires count does not include
transfers or promotions within the reporting site, employees returning
from strike, employees of temporary help agencies or employee leasing
companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is
computed by dividing the number of hires by employment and multiplying
that quotient by 100.

Separations.  The separations level is the total number of employment
terminations occurring at any time during the reference month, and is
reported by type of separation—quits, layoffs and discharges, and
other separations. (Some respondents are only able to report total
separations.) The quits count includes voluntary separations by
employees (except for retirements, which are reported as other
separations). The layoffs and discharges count is comprised of
involuntary separations initiated by the employer and includes layoffs
with no intent to rehire; formal layoffs lasting or expected to last
more than 7 days; discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or
closings; firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of
permanent or short-term employees; and terminations of seasonal
employees. The other separations count includes retirements, transfers
to other locations, deaths, and separations due to disability. The
separations count does not include transfers within the same location
or employees on strike. The separations rate is computed by dividing
the number of separations by employment and multiplying that quotient
by 100. The quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates
are computed similarly.

Annual estimates.  Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and
discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of
the 12 published monthly levels. Annual rates are computed by dividing
the annual level by the Current Employment Statistics (CES) annual
average employment level, and multiplying that quotient by 100. This
figure will be approximately equal to the sum of the 12 monthly rates.
Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates are published only for
not seasonally adjusted data and are released with the January news
release each year. Annual estimates are not calculated for job
openings because job openings are a stock, or point-in-time,
measurement for the last business day of each month.

Sample and estimation methodology

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random sample of 16,000
nonfarm business and government establishments. The sample is
stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment
size class. The establishments are drawn from a universe of over 9.1
million establishments compiled by the Quarterly Census of Employment
and Wages (QCEW) program which includes all employers subject to state
unemployment insurance laws and federal agencies subject to the
Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees program.

JOLTS total employment estimates are benchmarked, or ratio adjusted,
monthly to the strike-adjusted employment estimates of the CES survey.
A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment is used to adjust the levels for
all other JOLTS data elements.

JOLTS business birth/death model

As with any sample survey, the JOLTS sample can only be as current as
its sampling frame. The time lag from the birth of an establishment
until its appearance on the sampling frame is approximately one year.
In addition, many of these new units may fail within the first year.
Since these universe units cannot be reflected on the sampling frame
immediately, the JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and
separations from these units during their early existence. To
compensate for the inability to capture data from these
establishments, BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses birth
and death activity from previous years. The estimates of job openings,
hires, and separations produced by the birth/death model are added to
the sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the
estimates for openings, hires, and separations.

Seasonal adjustment

BLS uses X-13 ARIMA to seasonally adjust several JOLTS series
utilizing moving averages as seasonal filters. A concurrent seasonal
adjustment methodology is used in which new seasonal adjustment
factors are calculated each month, using all relevant data, up to and
including current month data. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both
additive and multiplicative models and REGARIMA (regression with auto-
correlated errors) modeling to improve the seasonal adjustment factors
at the beginning and end of the series and to detect and adjust for
outliers in the series.

Alignment procedure

The JOLTS measures for hires minus separations can be used to derive a
measure of net employment change. This change should be comparable to
the net employment change from the much larger CES survey. However,
definitional differences as well as sampling and nonsampling errors
between the two surveys historically caused JOLTS to diverge from CES
over time. To limit the divergence, and improve the quality of the
JOLTS hires and separations series, BLS implemented the Monthly
Alignment Method.

This method applies the CES employment trends to the seasonally
adjusted JOLTS implied employment trend (hires minus separations)
forcing them to be approximately the same, while preserving the
seasonality of the JOLTS data. First, the two series are seasonally
adjusted and the difference between the JOLTS implied employment
change and the CES net employment change is calculated. Next, the
JOLTS implied employment change is adjusted to equal the CES net
employment change through a proportional adjustment. This procedure
adjusts the two components (hires, separations) proportionally to
their contribution to the total churn (hires plus separations). The
adjusted hires and separations are converted back to not seasonally
adjusted data by reversing the application of the original seasonal
factors. After the Monthly Alignment Method has been used to adjust
the level estimates, rate estimates are computed from the adjusted
levels.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error.
When a sample is surveyed rather than the entire population, there is
a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true"
population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling
error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this
variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. BLS
analysis is generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
That means that there is a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6
standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling
error. Sampling error estimates are available at 
www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

The JOLTS estimates also are affected by nonsampling error.
Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to
include a segment of the population, the inability to obtain data from
all units in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of respondents
to provide data on a timely basis, mistakes made by respondents,
errors made in the collection or processing of the data, and errors
from the employment benchmark data used in estimation.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay
Service: (800) 877-8339.

Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Oct. 2015	June 2016	July 2016	Aug. 2016	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016(p)	Oct. 2015	June 2016	July 2016	Aug. 2016	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016(p)
Total	5,422	5,643	5,831	5,453	5,631	5,534	3.7	3.8	3.9	3.6	3.7	3.7
INDUSTRY
Total private	4,938	5,115	5,284	4,941	5,112	5,022	3.9	4.0	4.1	3.9	4.0	3.9
Mining and logging(3)	19	12	13	11	20	12	2.3	1.8	1.8	1.6	2.8	1.8
Construction(3)	129	187	225	192	221	205	1.9	2.7	3.3	2.8	3.2	3.0
Manufacturing	311	361	379	326	328	322	2.5	2.8	3.0	2.6	2.6	2.6
Durable goods(3)	181	200	223	185	206	190	2.3	2.5	2.8	2.4	2.6	2.4
Nondurable goods(3)	130	160	156	141	122	132	2.8	3.4	3.3	3.0	2.6	2.8
Trade, transportation, and utilities	931	986	1,046	997	1,020	1,048	3.3	3.5	3.7	3.5	3.6	3.7
Wholesale trade(3)	183	182	177	160	169	174	3.0	3.0	2.9	2.6	2.8	2.8
Retail trade	563	588	623	628	663	677	3.5	3.6	3.8	3.8	4.0	4.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(3)	185	217	246	208	188	197	3.3	3.8	4.3	3.7	3.3	3.5
Information(3)	114	94	80	83	97	87	4.0	3.3	2.8	2.9	3.4	3.0
Financial activities	308	314	318	332	355	348	3.6	3.7	3.7	3.8	4.1	4.0
Finance and insurance	242	232	240	253	265	254	3.8	3.6	3.7	3.9	4.1	3.9
Real estate and rental and leasing(3)	67	82	78	79	89	94	3.1	3.7	3.5	3.5	4.0	4.2
Professional and business services	1,149	1,104	1,212	1,022	1,113	926	5.5	5.2	5.6	4.8	5.2	4.3
Education and health services	1,050	1,127	1,073	1,041	1,072	1,205	4.5	4.7	4.5	4.4	4.5	5.0
Educational services(3)	107	102	103	95	102	96	3.0	2.8	2.8	2.6	2.8	2.6
Health care and social assistance	942	1,025	970	946	970	1,109	4.8	5.1	4.8	4.7	4.8	5.4
Leisure and hospitality	737	741	747	749	710	700	4.6	4.6	4.6	4.6	4.4	4.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	62	91	94	74	67	70	2.7	3.9	4.0	3.2	2.9	3.0
Accommodation and food services	676	651	653	675	642	631	4.9	4.7	4.7	4.8	4.6	4.5
Other services(3)	190	188	191	189	177	168	3.3	3.2	3.3	3.2	3.0	2.9
Government	484	527	546	511	519	512	2.1	2.3	2.4	2.3	2.3	2.3
Federal(3)	61	86	90	88	101	88	2.2	3.0	3.1	3.0	3.5	3.0
State and local	423	441	457	424	419	424	2.1	2.2	2.3	2.1	2.1	2.1
State and local education	153	139	164	147	130	135	1.5	1.3	1.6	1.4	1.2	1.3
State and local, excluding education(3)	270	302	292	276	289	289	2.9	3.2	3.1	3.0	3.1	3.1
REGION(4)
Northeast	907	928	983	944	1,034	961	3.3	3.4	3.5	3.4	3.7	3.5
South	2,057	2,166	2,119	1,961	2,028	2,000	3.8	4.0	3.9	3.6	3.7	3.7
Midwest	1,293	1,275	1,333	1,223	1,270	1,317	3.9	3.8	4.0	3.6	3.8	3.9
West	1,166	1,273	1,396	1,324	1,299	1,256	3.5	3.7	4.1	3.9	3.8	3.7
Footnotes (1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Oct. 2015	June 2016	July 2016	Aug. 2016	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016(p)	Oct. 2015	June 2016	July 2016	Aug. 2016	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016(p)
Total	5,212	5,172	5,258	5,268	5,121	5,099	3.7	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.5	3.5
INDUSTRY
Total private	4,856	4,814	4,889	4,888	4,757	4,752	4.0	3.9	4.0	4.0	3.9	3.9
Mining and logging	32	23	23	31	28	27	4.0	3.4	3.4	4.6	4.2	4.0
Construction	314	281	328	337	314	328	4.8	4.2	4.9	5.1	4.7	4.9
Manufacturing	264	281	276	274	279	271	2.1	2.3	2.2	2.2	2.3	2.2
Durable goods	144	161	163	152	163	156	1.9	2.1	2.1	2.0	2.1	2.0
Nondurable goods	120	119	113	122	116	115	2.6	2.6	2.4	2.6	2.5	2.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,057	1,038	1,059	1,091	1,097	1,083	3.9	3.8	3.9	4.0	4.0	3.9
Wholesale trade	128	144	135	160	136	132	2.2	2.4	2.3	2.7	2.3	2.2
Retail trade	748	719	750	752	769	742	4.8	4.5	4.7	4.7	4.8	4.6
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	181	175	174	179	193	209	3.3	3.2	3.2	3.3	3.5	3.8
Information	87	76	77	71	80	73	3.1	2.7	2.8	2.6	2.9	2.6
Financial activities	205	197	183	192	170	173	2.5	2.4	2.2	2.3	2.0	2.1
Finance and insurance	136	130	118	133	110	107	2.2	2.1	1.9	2.2	1.8	1.7
Real estate and rental and leasing	70	67	65	59	60	66	3.3	3.1	3.0	2.8	2.8	3.1
Professional and business services	1,058	1,003	1,162	1,072	1,080	1,020	5.3	5.0	5.7	5.3	5.3	5.0
Education and health services	644	654	626	634	616	637	2.9	2.9	2.8	2.8	2.7	2.8
Educational services	87	96	84	92	87	80	2.5	2.7	2.4	2.6	2.4	2.2
Health care and social assistance	558	558	542	543	528	557	3.0	2.9	2.8	2.8	2.7	2.9
Leisure and hospitality	991	1,024	1,001	1,005	909	963	6.5	6.6	6.4	6.5	5.8	6.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	171	180	160	174	119	149	7.8	8.0	7.1	7.7	5.3	6.7
Accommodation and food services	820	844	840	831	790	813	6.3	6.4	6.3	6.2	5.9	6.1
Other services	204	238	156	180	185	177	3.6	4.2	2.7	3.2	3.2	3.1
Government	356	358	368	380	365	347	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.7	1.6	1.6
Federal	40	38	41	40	40	42	1.5	1.4	1.5	1.4	1.4	1.5
State and local	316	320	328	339	325	306	1.6	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.6
State and local education	152	163	168	160	159	133	1.5	1.6	1.6	1.5	1.5	1.3
State and local, excluding education	165	156	159	180	165	172	1.8	1.7	1.8	2.0	1.8	1.9
REGION(3)
Northeast	846	859	805	895	802	855	3.2	3.2	3.0	3.3	3.0	3.2
South	1,954	1,889	2,056	2,002	2,000	2,045	3.8	3.6	3.9	3.8	3.8	3.9
Midwest	1,192	1,187	1,187	1,182	1,141	1,105	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.5	3.4
West	1,220	1,237	1,210	1,189	1,178	1,095	3.8	3.8	3.7	3.6	3.6	3.3
Footnotes (1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Oct. 2015	June 2016	July 2016	Aug. 2016	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016(p)	Oct. 2015	June 2016	July 2016	Aug. 2016	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016(p)
Total	4,912	4,964	4,991	5,052	4,936	4,875	3.4	3.4	3.5	3.5	3.4	3.4
INDUSTRY
Total private	4,544	4,612	4,665	4,696	4,578	4,557	3.8	3.8	3.8	3.8	3.7	3.7
Mining and logging	34	28	25	31	26	27	4.3	4.0	3.7	4.6	3.9	4.0
Construction	275	293	294	327	296	308	4.2	4.4	4.4	4.9	4.4	4.6
Manufacturing	271	264	263	268	278	273	2.2	2.1	2.1	2.2	2.3	2.2
Durable goods	150	160	160	157	166	157	1.9	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.2	2.1
Nondurable goods	120	103	103	111	112	116	2.6	2.2	2.2	2.4	2.4	2.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,003	1,047	1,068	1,009	1,039	1,041	3.7	3.8	3.9	3.7	3.8	3.8
Wholesale trade	121	138	146	147	117	121	2.1	2.3	2.5	2.5	2.0	2.0
Retail trade	706	711	750	707	722	732	4.5	4.5	4.7	4.4	4.5	4.6
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	176	198	172	156	199	188	3.2	3.6	3.1	2.8	3.6	3.4
Information	81	68	81	72	89	69	2.9	2.5	2.9	2.6	3.2	2.5
Financial activities	192	177	173	186	163	160	2.4	2.1	2.1	2.2	2.0	1.9
Finance and insurance	123	118	107	123	107	99	2.0	1.9	1.7	2.0	1.7	1.6
Real estate and rental and leasing	69	58	66	63	56	61	3.3	2.7	3.1	2.9	2.6	2.8
Professional and business services	1,002	943	1,045	1,008	1,009	979	5.0	4.7	5.2	5.0	5.0	4.8
Education and health services	558	618	584	595	560	576	2.5	2.7	2.6	2.6	2.5	2.5
Educational services	80	102	93	85	69	67	2.3	2.9	2.6	2.4	1.9	1.9
Health care and social assistance	479	517	491	510	491	510	2.5	2.7	2.6	2.7	2.5	2.6
Leisure and hospitality	935	950	944	988	928	961	6.1	6.1	6.1	6.4	6.0	6.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	168	155	140	193	147	150	7.7	6.9	6.2	8.6	6.6	6.7
Accommodation and food services	767	795	804	795	781	812	5.9	6.0	6.1	6.0	5.9	6.1
Other services	191	224	188	211	191	163	3.4	3.9	3.3	3.7	3.3	2.9
Government	369	352	326	357	357	318	1.7	1.6	1.5	1.6	1.6	1.4
Federal	44	34	36	37	37	30	1.6	1.2	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.1
State and local	325	317	289	320	320	288	1.7	1.6	1.5	1.6	1.7	1.5
State and local education	166	164	132	162	152	126	1.6	1.6	1.3	1.6	1.5	1.2
State and local, excluding education	160	153	158	157	169	163	1.8	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.9	1.8
REGION(3)
Northeast	733	787	848	876	799	768	2.8	2.9	3.2	3.3	3.0	2.9
South	1,972	1,885	2,003	1,960	1,922	1,890	3.8	3.6	3.8	3.7	3.6	3.6
Midwest	1,091	1,115	1,068	1,052	1,037	1,095	3.4	3.5	3.3	3.3	3.2	3.4
West	1,117	1,176	1,072	1,164	1,178	1,121	3.4	3.6	3.3	3.5	3.6	3.4
Footnotes (1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Oct. 2015	June 2016	July 2016	Aug. 2016	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016(p)	Oct. 2015	June 2016	July 2016	Aug. 2016	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016(p)
Total	2,797	2,979	2,977	3,009	3,052	2,986	2.0	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	2,631	2,785	2,807	2,847	2,867	2,827	2.2	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.3
Mining and logging	14	13	12	13	13	14	1.8	2.0	1.8	1.9	1.9	2.0
Construction	87	110	128	137	124	126	1.3	1.7	1.9	2.1	1.9	1.9
Manufacturing	147	136	143	140	150	157	1.2	1.1	1.2	1.1	1.2	1.3
Durable goods	74	77	80	76	85	88	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.1	1.2
Nondurable goods	73	59	63	64	64	69	1.6	1.3	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities	646	649	653	651	654	670	2.4	2.4	2.4	2.4	2.4	2.4
Wholesale trade	68	89	95	90	71	72	1.2	1.5	1.6	1.5	1.2	1.2
Retail trade	470	459	467	475	462	487	3.0	2.9	2.9	3.0	2.9	3.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	108	101	90	85	121	111	2.0	1.9	1.6	1.6	2.2	2.0
Information	43	36	40	38	57	39	1.6	1.3	1.4	1.4	2.1	1.4
Financial activities	114	103	100	105	86	99	1.4	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.0	1.2
Finance and insurance	69	71	63	68	57	66	1.1	1.2	1.0	1.1	0.9	1.1
Real estate and rental and leasing(3)	45	32	37	37	29	33	2.1	1.5	1.7	1.7	1.3	1.5
Professional and business services	531	542	565	598	597	580	2.7	2.7	2.8	2.9	2.9	2.8
Education and health services	364	410	398	375	411	380	1.6	1.8	1.8	1.6	1.8	1.7
Educational services	38	51	51	51	45	38	1.1	1.4	1.4	1.5	1.3	1.0
Health care and social assistance	326	359	347	324	366	343	1.7	1.9	1.8	1.7	1.9	1.8
Leisure and hospitality	588	645	635	639	671	664	3.9	4.2	4.1	4.1	4.3	4.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	56	58	63	63	73	69	2.5	2.6	2.8	2.8	3.3	3.1
Accommodation and food services	532	587	573	576	599	594	4.1	4.4	4.3	4.3	4.5	4.5
Other services(3)	97	140	133	150	103	98	1.7	2.5	2.3	2.6	1.8	1.7
Government	166	194	170	162	185	159	0.8	0.9	0.8	0.7	0.8	0.7
Federal	14	13	13	13	13	10	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.3
State and local	152	181	156	149	172	149	0.8	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.9	0.8
State and local education	77	96	69	76	78	71	0.8	0.9	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.7
State and local, excluding education	75	85	87	73	93	77	0.8	0.9	1.0	0.8	1.0	0.9
REGION(4)
Northeast	382	407	442	433	419	417	1.4	1.5	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.6
South	1,126	1,199	1,206	1,214	1,242	1,212	2.2	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.4	2.3
Midwest	648	660	644	625	648	650	2.0	2.0	2.0	1.9	2.0	2.0
West	641	713	685	737	743	705	2.0	2.2	2.1	2.2	2.3	2.1
Footnotes (1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Oct. 2015	June 2016	July 2016	Aug. 2016	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016(p)	Oct. 2015	June 2016	July 2016	Aug. 2016	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016(p)
Total	1,721	1,622	1,639	1,692	1,513	1,518	1.2	1.1	1.1	1.2	1.0	1.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,593	1,529	1,542	1,557	1,402	1,417	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.1	1.2
Mining and logging(3)	18	11	8	13	8	10	2.2	1.6	1.1	1.9	1.2	1.4
Construction	177	168	146	171	153	168	2.7	2.5	2.2	2.6	2.3	2.5
Manufacturing	102	106	95	110	100	94	0.8	0.9	0.8	0.9	0.8	0.8
Durable goods	61	70	64	70	60	55	0.8	0.9	0.8	0.9	0.8	0.7
Nondurable goods	41	36	32	40	40	39	0.9	0.8	0.7	0.9	0.9	0.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities	273	311	331	276	294	267	1.0	1.1	1.2	1.0	1.1	1.0
Wholesale trade(3)	46	37	40	48	33	36	0.8	0.6	0.7	0.8	0.6	0.6
Retail trade	176	189	222	175	205	170	1.1	1.2	1.4	1.1	1.3	1.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	51	85	68	54	57	61	0.9	1.6	1.2	1.0	1.0	1.1
Information	29	24	30	24	21	16	1.0	0.9	1.1	0.9	0.8	0.6
Financial activities	46	51	47	51	52	45	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.5
Finance and insurance	27	30	24	32	29	22	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	19	20	23	18	23	23	0.9	0.9	1.1	0.9	1.1	1.1
Professional and business services	409	340	413	358	352	340	2.1	1.7	2.0	1.8	1.7	1.7
Education and health services	146	167	140	179	108	161	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.8	0.5	0.7
Educational services	37	37	34	26	19	26	1.1	1.0	1.0	0.7	0.5	0.7
Health care and social assistance	109	130	106	153	89	135	0.6	0.7	0.6	0.8	0.5	0.7
Leisure and hospitality	314	281	278	317	231	264	2.1	1.8	1.8	2.0	1.5	1.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	109	95	76	125	71	78	5.0	4.2	3.3	5.5	3.2	3.5
Accommodation and food services	205	186	203	192	161	186	1.6	1.4	1.5	1.4	1.2	1.4
Other services	79	71	54	58	82	52	1.4	1.3	1.0	1.0	1.4	0.9
Government	129	93	97	134	111	100	0.6	0.4	0.4	0.6	0.5	0.5
Federal	11	11	12	13	12	11	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.4
State and local	118	83	85	122	100	90	0.6	0.4	0.4	0.6	0.5	0.5
State and local education	61	42	42	64	49	31	0.6	0.4	0.4	0.6	0.5	0.3
State and local, excluding education	57	41	43	58	50	58	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.6
REGION(4)
Northeast	285	328	337	372	308	288	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.4	1.1	1.1
South	669	539	644	601	537	534	1.3	1.0	1.2	1.1	1.0	1.0
Midwest	364	383	354	356	315	354	1.1	1.2	1.1	1.1	1.0	1.1
West	404	372	304	362	353	341	1.2	1.1	0.9	1.1	1.1	1.0
Footnotes (1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Oct. 2015	June 2016	July 2016	Aug. 2016	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016(p)	Oct. 2015	June 2016	July 2016	Aug. 2016	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016(p)
Total	394	363	375	351	370	372	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	320	298	316	291	310	313	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3
Mining and logging	2	3	5	5	6	4	0.3	0.5	0.8	0.7	0.8	0.6
Construction(3)	11	15	21	19	18	13	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2
Manufacturing	22	22	24	18	28	21	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2
Durable goods	15	13	16	11	21	14	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.3	0.2
Nondurable goods(3)	7	8	8	7	7	7	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	84	87	84	82	90	104	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4
Wholesale trade	7	12	10	9	13	14	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Retail trade	60	63	60	57	55	75	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.5
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(3)	17	12	14	16	22	16	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.3
Information(3)	9	9	11	10	11	13	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.5
Financial activities	32	23	26	31	25	16	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.2
Finance and insurance	27	17	19	23	21	12	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.2
Real estate and rental and leasing(3)	5	6	7	7	4	4	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2
Professional and business services	63	61	67	52	60	59	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Education and health services	48	42	46	40	40	35	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Educational services(3)	4	14	9	7	5	3	0.1	0.4	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1
Health care and social assistance(3)	44	28	38	33	35	31	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Leisure and hospitality	34	24	31	32	26	34	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation(3)	4	2	2	5	4	2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.1
Accommodation and food services(3)	30	22	29	27	22	31	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other services(3)	15	13	1	3	5	13	0.3	0.2	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.2
Government	74	65	59	60	61	59	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Federal	19	11	11	11	12	9	0.7	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.3
State and local	55	54	47	49	49	50	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3
State and local education	27	27	20	22	24	23	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
State and local, excluding education	28	27	27	27	25	27	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
REGION(4)
Northeast	66	53	69	71	72	63	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2
South	177	147	153	145	143	144	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Midwest	79	72	70	70	74	91	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3
West	72	91	83	65	81	74	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2
Footnotes (1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.

Table 7. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Oct. 2015	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016(p)	Oct. 2015	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016(p)
Total	5,655	5,616	5,772	3.8	3.7	3.8
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,180	5,103	5,269	4.1	4.0	4.1
Mining and logging	19	20	12	2.3	2.8	1.7
Construction	129	221	205	1.9	3.1	2.9
Manufacturing	311	328	322	2.5	2.6	2.6
Durable goods	181	206	190	2.3	2.6	2.4
Nondurable goods	130	122	132	2.7	2.6	2.8
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,001	1,093	1,122	3.6	3.9	3.9
Wholesale trade	183	169	174	3.0	2.8	2.8
Retail trade	633	736	751	3.9	4.4	4.5
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	185	188	197	3.3	3.3	3.5
Information	114	97	87	4.0	3.4	3.1
Financial activities	341	350	373	4.0	4.0	4.3
Finance and insurance	275	261	280	4.3	4.1	4.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	67	89	94	3.1	4.0	4.2
Professional and business services	1,224	1,095	1,010	5.8	5.1	4.7
Education and health services	1,098	1,046	1,260	4.7	4.4	5.2
Educational services	107	102	96	2.9	2.8	2.5
Health care and social assistance	990	944	1,164	5.0	4.7	5.7
Leisure and hospitality	754	676	708	4.7	4.1	4.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	63	50	68	2.8	2.1	3.0
Accommodation and food services	691	626	640	5.0	4.4	4.6
Other services	190	177	168	3.3	3.0	2.9
Government	475	513	503	2.1	2.3	2.2
Federal	61	101	88	2.2	3.5	3.0
State and local	414	412	415	2.1	2.1	2.1
State and local education	143	124	126	1.3	1.2	1.2
State and local, excluding education	270	289	289	2.9	3.1	3.1
REGION(3)
Northeast	949	1,048	1,008	3.4	3.8	3.6
South	2,161	1,999	2,094	4.0	3.6	3.8
Midwest	1,315	1,281	1,370	3.9	3.8	4.0
West	1,230	1,288	1,301	3.6	3.8	3.8
Footnotes (1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 8. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Oct. 2015	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016(p)	Oct. 2015	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016(p)
Total	5,509	5,265	5,364	3.8	3.6	3.7
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,184	4,811	5,055	4.3	3.9	4.1
Mining and logging	31	28	28	4.0	4.1	4.1
Construction	318	288	332	4.7	4.2	4.8
Manufacturing	272	290	276	2.2	2.4	2.2
Durable goods	144	165	152	1.9	2.2	2.0
Nondurable goods	128	125	123	2.8	2.7	2.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,277	1,099	1,316	4.7	4.0	4.8
Wholesale trade	133	139	133	2.3	2.3	2.2
Retail trade	944	749	929	6.0	4.7	5.8
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	201	211	254	3.7	3.8	4.6
Information	98	78	80	3.5	2.8	2.9
Financial activities	224	163	189	2.7	2.0	2.3
Finance and insurance	148	105	114	2.4	1.7	1.8
Real estate and rental and leasing	76	59	74	3.6	2.7	3.4
Professional and business services	1,123	1,054	1,075	5.6	5.2	5.2
Education and health services	698	713	684	3.1	3.1	3.0
Educational services	88	155	77	2.4	4.4	2.1
Health care and social assistance	610	558	607	3.2	2.9	3.1
Leisure and hospitality	943	905	909	6.2	5.7	5.9
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	135	109	120	6.3	4.7	5.5
Accommodation and food services	808	797	789	6.2	5.9	5.9
Other services	199	193	166	3.5	3.4	2.9
Government	326	454	310	1.5	2.0	1.4
Federal	38	37	40	1.4	1.3	1.4
State and local	288	417	270	1.5	2.2	1.4
State and local education	151	276	122	1.4	2.7	1.1
State and local, excluding education	137	141	148	1.5	1.6	1.6
REGION(3)
Northeast	885	906	897	3.3	3.4	3.3
South	2,052	1,979	2,149	3.9	3.8	4.0
Midwest	1,229	1,142	1,129	3.8	3.5	3.5
West	1,344	1,239	1,190	4.1	3.8	3.6
Footnotes (1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 9. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Oct. 2015	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016(p)	Oct. 2015	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016(p)
Total	5,089	5,292	5,056	3.5	3.6	3.5
INDUSTRY
Total private	4,779	4,888	4,776	3.9	4.0	3.9
Mining and logging	35	29	28	4.4	4.2	4.0
Construction	307	292	343	4.6	4.2	5.0
Manufacturing	290	303	293	2.3	2.5	2.4
Durable goods	153	175	157	2.0	2.3	2.1
Nondurable goods	137	128	136	3.0	2.8	2.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,003	1,033	1,050	3.7	3.8	3.8
Wholesale trade	135	124	140	2.3	2.1	2.4
Retail trade	689	712	710	4.4	4.5	4.4
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	179	197	200	3.3	3.6	3.6
Information	86	88	69	3.1	3.2	2.5
Financial activities	196	158	162	2.4	1.9	1.9
Finance and insurance	125	102	97	2.1	1.7	1.6
Real estate and rental and leasing	71	56	65	3.4	2.6	3.0
Professional and business services	1,040	1,018	1,012	5.2	5.0	4.9
Education and health services	545	586	567	2.4	2.6	2.5
Educational services	58	73	48	1.6	2.1	1.3
Health care and social assistance	487	513	519	2.6	2.7	2.7
Leisure and hospitality	1,081	1,158	1,087	7.1	7.3	7.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	220	256	187	10.2	11.1	8.6
Accommodation and food services	860	901	900	6.6	6.7	6.8
Other services	198	222	165	3.5	3.9	2.9
Government	310	404	280	1.4	1.8	1.2
Federal	45	41	30	1.6	1.5	1.1
State and local	264	364	249	1.3	1.9	1.3
State and local education	99	129	76	0.9	1.3	0.7
State and local, excluding education	165	235	173	1.8	2.6	1.9
REGION(3)
Northeast	757	961	782	2.8	3.6	2.9
South	2,033	1,961	1,950	3.9	3.7	3.7
Midwest	1,117	1,107	1,137	3.5	3.4	3.5
West	1,182	1,263	1,187	3.6	3.8	3.6
Footnotes (1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 10. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Oct. 2015	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016(p)	Oct. 2015	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016(p)
Total	2,909	3,249	3,140	2.0	2.2	2.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	2,765	3,057	3,003	2.3	2.5	2.4
Mining and logging	16	15	15	2.0	2.2	2.2
Construction	96	128	141	1.4	1.9	2.1
Manufacturing	151	165	169	1.2	1.3	1.4
Durable goods	75	92	92	1.0	1.2	1.2
Nondurable goods	76	73	77	1.7	1.6	1.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities	675	698	714	2.5	2.6	2.6
Wholesale trade	80	75	82	1.4	1.3	1.4
Retail trade	484	493	506	3.1	3.1	3.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	111	130	127	2.0	2.4	2.3
Information	47	58	40	1.7	2.1	1.5
Financial activities	115	84	101	1.4	1.0	1.2
Finance and insurance	70	55	68	1.1	0.9	1.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	45	29	33	2.1	1.3	1.5
Professional and business services	575	593	634	2.9	2.9	3.1
Education and health services	368	431	383	1.6	1.9	1.7
Educational services	32	52	30	0.9	1.5	0.8
Health care and social assistance	337	379	352	1.8	2.0	1.8
Leisure and hospitality	625	782	707	4.1	5.0	4.6
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	58	102	72	2.7	4.5	3.3
Accommodation and food services	567	679	636	4.3	5.0	4.8
Other services	97	103	98	1.7	1.8	1.7
Government	144	192	136	0.6	0.9	0.6
Federal	14	15	10	0.5	0.5	0.3
State and local	130	177	127	0.7	0.9	0.6
State and local education	55	74	50	0.5	0.7	0.5
State and local, excluding education	75	104	77	0.8	1.1	0.9
REGION(3)
Northeast	389	492	430	1.5	1.8	1.6
South	1,151	1,276	1,252	2.2	2.4	2.4
Midwest	682	695	696	2.1	2.1	2.1
West	687	786	762	2.1	2.4	2.3
Footnotes (1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 11. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Oct. 2015	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016(p)	Oct. 2015	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016(p)
Total	1,817	1,683	1,570	1.3	1.2	1.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,706	1,527	1,469	1.4	1.2	1.2
Mining and logging	18	8	10	2.2	1.1	1.4
Construction	200	146	188	3.0	2.1	2.7
Manufacturing	117	113	104	1.0	0.9	0.8
Durable goods	63	65	52	0.8	0.8	0.7
Nondurable goods	54	48	52	1.2	1.0	1.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	250	245	235	0.9	0.9	0.9
Wholesale trade	46	33	36	0.8	0.6	0.6
Retail trade	154	167	140	1.0	1.1	0.9
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	51	45	58	0.9	0.8	1.1
Information	30	19	15	1.1	0.7	0.5
Financial activities	48	49	46	0.6	0.6	0.6
Finance and insurance	28	26	19	0.5	0.4	0.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	20	23	27	1.0	1.1	1.3
Professional and business services	407	369	322	2.0	1.8	1.6
Education and health services	128	114	150	0.6	0.5	0.7
Educational services	22	15	15	0.6	0.4	0.4
Health care and social assistance	106	99	135	0.6	0.5	0.7
Leisure and hospitality	422	350	346	2.8	2.2	2.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	158	150	113	7.4	6.5	5.2
Accommodation and food services	264	200	233	2.0	1.5	1.7
Other services	86	114	54	1.5	2.0	0.9
Government	111	155	100	0.5	0.7	0.4
Federal	13	13	12	0.5	0.5	0.4
State and local	98	142	89	0.5	0.7	0.4
State and local education	32	36	16	0.3	0.4	0.2
State and local, excluding education	67	106	72	0.7	1.2	0.8
REGION(3)
Northeast	304	389	290	1.1	1.4	1.1
South	716	555	560	1.4	1.1	1.1
Midwest	370	339	363	1.2	1.0	1.1
West	427	399	356	1.3	1.2	1.1
Footnotes (1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 12. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Oct. 2015	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016(p)	Oct. 2015	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016(p)
Total	364	360	347	0.3	0.2	0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	309	303	304	0.3	0.2	0.2
Mining and logging	2	6	3	0.2	0.8	0.4
Construction	11	18	13	0.2	0.3	0.2
Manufacturing	21	25	21	0.2	0.2	0.2
Durable goods	14	18	13	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nondurable goods	7	7	7	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	78	90	101	0.3	0.3	0.4
Wholesale trade	9	16	22	0.2	0.3	0.4
Retail trade	52	52	64	0.3	0.3	0.4
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	17	22	16	0.3	0.4	0.3
Information	9	11	13	0.3	0.4	0.5
Financial activities	33	25	15	0.4	0.3	0.2
Finance and insurance	28	21	11	0.5	0.3	0.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	5	4	4	0.3	0.2	0.2
Professional and business services	58	56	56	0.3	0.3	0.3
Education and health services	48	40	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
Educational services	4	5	3	0.1	0.1	0.1
Health care and social assistance	44	35	31	0.2	0.2	0.2
Leisure and hospitality	34	26	34	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	4	4	2	0.2	0.2	0.1
Accommodation and food services	30	22	31	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other services	15	5	13	0.3	0.1	0.2
Government	55	57	43	0.2	0.3	0.2
Federal	19	12	9	0.7	0.4	0.3
State and local	36	44	34	0.2	0.2	0.2
State and local education	13	19	11	0.1	0.2	0.1
State and local, excluding education	24	25	24	0.3	0.3	0.3
REGION(3)
Northeast	65	79	62	0.2	0.3	0.2
South	166	131	138	0.3	0.2	0.3
Midwest	65	73	78	0.2	0.2	0.2
West	69	78	69	0.2	0.2	0.2
Footnotes (1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.